조건절 집중탐구
출처
http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$18
Conditional Sentences 조건절 문장
Because conditional sentences
are quite complex in both form and meaning, they are a problem for most
learners of English. If you have a good understanding of the English tense system and of the modal auxiliaries,
you will find it easier to understand and use conditional sentences.
(The sentence you just read is a predictive conditional sentence.)조건절은 시제와 조동사의 용법 이해만 잘 되어 있으면 어렵지 않다
All conditional sentences contain a dependent clause and an independent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with if; it expresses a condition. The independent clause expresses a result of the condition. The if-clause is usually first, but the order of the clauses is usually not important. Thus, these two sentences have basically the same meaning:
if 절은 주절 전후에 올 수 있는데 조건을 나타내고 주절은 그 결과를 나타낸다
If she goes to the store, she will buy ice cream.
She will buy ice cream if she goes to the store.
You
have probably noticed that different teachers, textbooks, and Web sites
sometimes explain the same thing in different ways.
This seems to be
especially true of conditional sentences. However, two different
explanations can both be correct,
especially if the difference is due to
the fact that complicated material has been organized in different
ways.
This is often true of explanations of conditionals that you find
in your textbooks.
Here conditional sentences are divided into three
types based on their meanings:
real, predictive, and imaginative conditional sentences.
조건절 또는 가정문은 학자에 따라 한문장이 달리 설명될 수도 있는데
복잡한 가정을 설명하기에 서로 다르더라도 다 맞을 수 있다는 것이다는게 가정문의 특성이라 하겠다
이 학자님은 가정문은 실제, 예상 또는 상상 세종류로 구분한다
실제란 말은 실제로 일어나는 일 또는 그리 해왔던/되어왔던 일을 설명/서술하니
있는 사실을 직접적으로 표현하는 것이라 직설법이라 한다
예상이란 말은 현재 일어나진 않았지만 그리될 것이라는 확률이 높은 기대치를 말하고
상상이란 말은 실제론 그렇지 않으나 상상으로만 그렇다는거니 현실과는 반대가정이라 하겠다
Also see The Sentence, Modal Auxiliaries, Verbs A-L, Verbs M-Z, Tenses, and Adverb Clauses.
A. Real conditional sentences can express generalizations and inferences.
직설법은 일반적인 실제상의 사실을 직접적으로 표현한다
1. Generalizations include facts that are always true and never change,
and they include present or past habitual activities that are or were usually true.
직설법은 항상 변함없는 사실이거나 습관적인 일을 일반화하는데 쓰인다
Real conditionals expressing generalizations usually have the same tense (usually simple present or simple past) in both clauses.
However, if the simple present tense is used in the if-clause, will + verb can be used in the main clause without changing the meaning.
직설법은 조건절에 현재 시제와 주절 역시 현재시제나 미래시제 사용
Examples of real conditional sentences expressing facts: 일반적인 사실
If water boils, it turns to steam.
If water boils, it will turn to steam.
Examples of real conditional sentences expressing habitual activities: 습관
If he eats breakfast, he feels better all day.
If he eats breakfast, he will feel better all day.
If he ate breakfast, he felt better all day.
These generalizations can also be expressed by using when or whenever instead of if:
조건절 대신 when 절이 쓰일 수도 있다
When water boils, it turns to steam.
When he eats breakfast, he feels better all day.
When he ate breakfast, he felt better all day.
2. Inferences are often expressed in real conditional sentences.
추론적인 실제 사실 표현
추론이긴 하나 실제 사실에 가깝다는 기분을 나타내므로 현재 시제를 쓴다
Real conditionals expressing inferences usually have parallel verb phrases in both clauses.
However, if a modal which explicitly expresses an inference (must or should, for example) is used in the main clause, parallel verb phrases are not used.
실제에 근접한 추론이라는 기분을 나타내기 위해서는
조건절과 주절의 동사를 같은 시제로 쓰니
조동사로 추론임을 나타낼 경우 같은 시제일 필요 없다
Examples of real conditional sentences expressing inferences: 추론을 표현하는 실제적인 조건
If today is Wednesday, it is George's birthday.
If I can do it, anyone can do it.
if it is raining, the streets are getting wet.
If he was at school, he saw the accident.
If today is Wednesday, it must be George's birthday.
If I can do it, anyone must be able to do it.
if it is raining, the streets must be getting wet.
If he was at school, he must have seen the accident.
B. Predictive conditional sentences can express predictions and plans.
예상의 기분 표현에 쓰이는 예상의 조건문
1. Predictive conditional sentences usually contain simple present tense in the if-clause and will or be going to in the result clause. However, a weaker modal of prediction (may or should, for example) can be used in the result clause to express less certainty.
예상의 기분을 나타낼 때는 조건절에 현재 시제, 주절에는 미래 시제나 조동사를 쓴다
2. Examples of predictive conditional sentences:
If the exam is hard, many students are going to fail. (be going to~ 는 미래시제이다)
If Mary does well on the final exam, she will get an A in the class.
If George does well on the final exam, he may get an A in the class.
If Fred studies, he should pass the exam.
C. Imaginative conditional sentences are the most difficult for many learners of English
because of the unusual relationship between form (the tenses used) and meaning.
상상의 기분을 표시하는건 아주 복잡하여 어렵다
허나 실제가 아니고 상상/가상이라는것만 알면 이해는 다 된거나 다름없다
상상에 쓰인 시제는 실제 시제가 아니다
즉 과거 시제로 썻다해서 과거 얘기가 아니라는 것이다
단지 상상의 정도가 심하고 덜 심한 차이를 시제를 통하여 나타내는 것이다
하여 과거 시제를 써서 현재 사실에 반대되는 상상을 나타내고
과거완료를 써서 과거 사실에 반대되는 상상을 나타내므로
그 실현 불가능에 대한 기분의 정도차이를 시제가 나타내준다
In this type of conditional sentence, past tense refers to present or future time; past perfect tense refers to past time.
과거 시제는 현제나 미래 사실과 반대 되는 상상의 표시이고
과거완료 시제는 과거의 사실과 반대 된다는 상상이라는 표시다
Another problem for many learners of English is that were (not was) is used with singular subjects.
Be is the only English verb with two past tense forms, but only one of them (were) is used in imaginative conditional sentences.
가정문에
be 동사의 과거형중 were 만 쓰이는게 표준이나 was 도 일상적/비격식적/비표준으로 쓰인다
Imaginative conditional sentences can express hypothetical or contrary-to-fact events or states.
상상의 조건절에는 가설적이거나 사실과 반대되는 두 종류의 조건이 사용된다
1. Hypothetical events or states are unlikely but possible in the present or future. 현제나 미래사실의 반대적인 가정/가설/추측
현제나 미래에 있음직하진 않지만 가능하긴 한 가설의 기분을 나타낼 때
조건절; 과거시제, 주절; 조동사 would/might/could + 동사원형의 구조로 한다
Imaginative conditional sentences expressing hypothetical events or states have a past tense verb in the if-clause and would + verb (or might or could + verb) in the result clause.
Examples of hypothetical conditional sentences (present and/or future time):
If George had enough money, he would buy a new car.
If I won the lottery, I would buy you a present.
If she knew the answer, she would tell us.
조건절에 과거 시제를 썻으나 과거사실 얘기라는것이 아니고 현제 사실은 그렇지 아니하니 단지 상상이라는 말이고
상상이긴 해도 일어날 가능성은 있다는 mood/감정/기분의 표현이다
직설법으로 있는 그대로의 실상을 쓴다면 아래와 같다
(George probably does not have enough money; I probably will not win the lottery; she probably does not know the answer.)
조건절에 과거 시제를 썻다 해서 과거 사실의 내용이 아니고
단지 현제 사실과는 반대되는 가설이라는 기분 표시를 위해 과거 시제를 쓰고
주절에는 가정에 쓰는 조동사+원형동사 구조로 쓴거라는 사실만 알면 가정법은 쉬워진다
가설이기에 실제상은 다른것이라 현제 사실의 반대라고 설명 한다
2. Contrary-to-fact events or states are either impossible in the present time or did not happen in the past.
가정법 과거는
현재 사실에 반대되거나 과거에 일어났지 않은 일의 가정/상상이므로
전혀 불가능한 일의 상상이다
ㄱ. Imaginative conditional sentences expressing present contrary-to-fact events or states have a past verb in the if-clause
and would + verb (or might or could + verb) in the result clause. Some examples:
현재 사실과 반대되는 상상의 기분 표현으로
조건절에 과거동사
주절에 would 나 다른 조동사에 동사원형을 쓴 경우 예문
If I were you, I would not do that.
If she studied for exams, she would get better grades.
If it were raining, the streets would be wet.
(I am not you; she doesn't study for exams; it isn't raining.)
ㄴ. Imaginative conditional sentences expressing past contrary-to-fact events or states have a past perfect verb in the if-clause and would + have + verb (or might or could + have + verb) in the result clause.
조건절에 과거완료, 주절에 조동사 + 현재완료를 쓰면
과거 사실과 반대되는 가정이니 심히 불가능 하다는 기분 표시가 된다
Some examples:
If George had had enough money, he would have bought a new car.
있었다면 샀을거나 실제론 없어 못산거고 과거 사실의 반대니 무지무지 불가능한 일에 대한 상상의 정도 표시다
If I had won the lottery, I would have bought you a present.
If she had known the answer, she would have told us.
(George did not have enough money; I did not win the lottery; she did not know the answer.)
하여 현재 사실의 반대나 과거 사실의 반대나 둘다 다 현실/실제/사실과는 다른 상상이지만
그 불가능성에 대한 기분이 심하고 덜 심한 차이만 있을 뿐이니
그에 걸맞는 한글적인 상황이나 표현으로 대치하여 이해하면 된다
꼭 이런 번역이라야 한다는 법칙은 없으니
가능/불가능성에 대한 기분차이만 느낄 수 있다면
가정법 이해는 다 된거다
단지
조건절에 과거완료가 쓰이면 주절에는 현재완료를 쓰고
조건절에 과거 동사로 쓰면 주절은 would 나 다른 조동사에 원형 동사를 쓰고
조건절에 현재시제를 쓰면 주절은 현제나 미래로 쓰면 된다는 것만 기억하면 된다
영어의 Mood 법 종류; 직설법, 명령법, 의문법, 가정법 영어로 읽어보기
Moods in Verbs
<img src="https://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/images/bar%20d5.gif" id="userImg4266896" style="width: 590px; height: 5px;" />
Most Indo-European languages, in addition to verb tenses (which demonstrate time), have verb moods (which indicate a state of being or reality). For instance, the most common moods in English include the following:1. The indicative (indicating a state of factuality and reality): 직설법"A cat sits on the stove." Most sentences in English are in the indicative mood. It simply states a fact of some sort, or describes what happens, or gives details about reality.2. The imperative (indicating a state of command): 명령법"Give me back my money." One marker of the imperative is that frequently the subject does not appear in the sentence, but is only implied: "(You) Give me back my money."3. The interrogative (indicating a state of questioning): 의문법"Will you leave me alone now?" One marker of the interrogative is that frequently the speaker inverts the subject-verb order by placing the helping verb first, before the subject: "Will you leave me alone?" instead of "You will leave me alone." Frequently the interrogative appears with requests for a course of action or requests for information.4. The conditional (indicating a conditional state that will cause something else to happen): 가정법"The bomb might explode if I jiggle that switch." Also, "The bomb could explode if you jiggle that switch." The conditional is marked by the words might, could, and would. Frequently, a phrase in the conditional appears closely linked to a phrase in the subjunctive (see below) preceded by a subordinate conjunction like if.* 가상법
Another, rarer mood is the subjunctive mood (indicating a hypothetical state, a state contrary to reality, such as a wish, a desire, or an imaginary situation). It is harder to explain the subjunctive. Five hundred years ago, English had a highly developed subjunctive mood. However, after the fourteenth century, speakers of English used the subjunctive less frequently. Today, the mood has practically vanished; modern speakers tend to use the conditional forms of "could" and "would" to indicate statements contrary to reality. The subjunctive only survives in a few, fossilized examples, which can be confusing.
가정법
https://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/grammar_subjunctive.html
가정법은 기본적으로 실제와는 다른 기분을 표현하는 영어 Mood 법이므로
일반문에 쓰는 동사나 조동사의 의미와는 다른 의미와 구조로
가정/상상/추측/소원 등의 기분을 표현한다
The Subjunctive Mood
Most Indo-European languages, in addition to verb tenses (which demonstrate time), have verb moods
(which indicate a state of being or reality).
For instance, the most common moods in English include
the indicative, the imperative, the interrogative, and
the conditional.
Another, rarer mood is the subjunctive mood (indicating a hypothetical state or a state contrary to reality, such as a wish, a desire, or an imaginary situation). It is harder to explain the subjunctive. Five hundred years ago, English had a highly developed subjunctive mood. However, after the fourteenth century, speakers of English used the subjunctive less frequently. Today, the mood has practically vanished; modern speakers tend to use the conditional forms of "could" and "would" to indicate statements contrary to reality. The subjunctive only survives in a few, fossilized examples, so they can be confusing. Here are the most common uses:
1. By far the most common use of the subjunctive is the use of the subjunctive after "if" clauses that state or describe a hypothetical situation.
Subjunctive: "If I were a butterfly, I would have wings." 가정법
Note that in the indicative, we normally write, "I was." For instance, "When I was a young boy, I liked to swim." However, to indicate the subjunctive, we write "I were." The subjunctive indicates a statement contrary to fact. In the butterfly example above, I am not really a butterfly, but I am describing a hypothetical situation that might occur if I were one.
Indicative: "When I was a butterfly in a former life, I had wings." 직설법
In this sentence, the author uses the indicative to indicate that she indeed was a butterfly in the past, and she is not just hypothetically speaking about a situation contrary to her reality. Note that "when" usually takes the indicative after it, and "if" frequently takes the subjunctive.
Subjunctive: "You sneezed! God bless you." 기원의 가상법
In the subjunctive, the phrase indicates a hope or desire that God bless the sneezing individual. Obviously, God isn't blessing that person at the moment, because the person is sick, so the subjunctive indicates a wish contrary to current reality in the speaker's viewpoint.
Indicative: "God blesses you each day." 직설법
In the indicative, the author indicates that God really does bless the individual. This speaker uses the indicative to reflect what he sees as reality; i.e., God blesses people.
Subjunctive: "I suggest that John arrive on Tuesdays this month."
The day for the weekly arrival is a mere suggestion, a hypothetical idea that John might or might not follow. The statement does not necessarily mean he will arrive at that time each week. Thus is is subjunctive, not indicative.
Indicative: "I believe that the train arrives on Tuesdays during this month."
The indicative states a fact the speaker believes is true. The train indeed arrives on Tuesdays each week of this month.
Subjunctive: "She wishes that Americans in the South were more formal today."
The subjunctive indicates that, in fact, Americans are not formal today. The wish states a desire for an unreal state that does not reflect the current situation.
Now the speaker has made a statement in the indicative, which implies that the statement reflects or indicates what reality is actually like.
Note, however, that sometimes the indicative appears after "if"-clauses when the speaker wishes to indicate that the possibility is quite realistic.
Indicative: "If he brings Martha to Kosovo for the honeymoon (and he probably will), she will be upset."
A good hint that the first clause should be indicative is the verb "will" in the second clause, which hints at a statement of reality.
(He might or might not bring her; it is only a possibility. The verb "might" in the last part of the sentence strongly hints that the situation is hypothetical; thus we use subjunctive in the first clause.)
Indicative: "A car will crash into his house if he builds it on Interstate-40."
The sentence above indicates a real possibility that he is building his house on Interstate-40, and thus a car very likely will crash into it. Thus, it is indicative about reality.
Subjunctive: "A car might crash into his house if he were to build it on Interstate-40."
The sentence above using the subjunctive suggests that it is unlikely he actually is building his house on Interstate-40, but instead the speaker brings up the scenario as a hypothetical situation.
Indicate: That peasant eats cake every day.
Subjunctive: Let that peasant eat cake every day.