12. Mood
A. 법의 종류
(1) 법의 뜻과 종류
말하는 사람의 심리 상태에 의한 동사의 표현 형식을 법이라 하며,
직설법, 명령법, 가정법이 있다.
a. 직설법. I am thirsty. (나는 목이 마르다.)
b. 명령법. Give me something to drink. (멋인가 마실 것을 주시오.)
c. 가정법. I wish I had something to drink. (무엇인가 마실 것이 있으면.)
(2) 명령법의 형식과 종류
명령법은 동사의 원형을 사용한다. 명령은 상대방에게 하므로 주어 You를 생략하는 것이
보통이지만, 특히 상대방의 주의를 끌려고 할 때는 사용한다.
You read the first paragraph, John.
And mind you don't forget to post the letter.
명령법은 접속사 and, or 와 관련하여 조건을 나타내는 용법이 있다.
a. 명령법 and
Hurry up, and you will be in time.
If you hurry up, you will be in time.
b. 명령법 or
Hurry up, or you will be late.
If you do not hurry up, you will be late.
Unless you hurry up, you will be late.
c. 명령법에는 let를 사용하는 형식이 있다. 1인칭, 3인칭에 관하여
상대방에게 명령하거나 허가를 구하던지 혹은 권유하는 형식이다.
Let us- Let us go. (갑시다.)
Let us go. (저희들을 보내주십시오.)
Let him go there.
Let 에는 3인칭에 대한 명령을 나타내는 주의할 용법이 있다.
Let each man do his best.
+ Each man should do his best.
(3) 가정법의 종류
a. 가정법 현재. 현재 혹은 미래에 대한 단순한 가정.
If he be honest, I will employ him.
If he be honest (=If he is honest,)
b. 가정법 과거. 현재 사실에 반대되는 상황을 가정.
If he were honest, I would employ him.
As he is not honest, I will not employ him. (그가 정직하면 고용했을 것이다.)
c. 가정법 과거완료. 과거 사실에 반대되는 상황을 가정.
If he had been honest, I would have employed him.
As he was not honest, I didn't employ him. (그가 정직했다면 고용했을 텐데.)
d. 가정법 미래. 미래에 대한 매우 불확실한 상황을 가정.
If it should rain tomorrow, the meeting will (would) be put off.
B. 가정법 현재, 가정법 미래
(1) 가정법 현재의 용법
a. 현재 혹은 미래에 대한 불확실한 가정. (상상 혹은 소망을 나타낸다.)
예문에서, 그 평판이 사실인지 아닌지 모른다. 단지 가정할 뿐이다.
오늘날은 가정법 현재 대신에 직설법을 쓰는 경향이 강하다.
If the report be (is) true. I will employ him. (If the report is true.)
b. 주장, 명령, 희망, 요구, 기대, 제안의 구문에서 should를 빼고 원형만을 쓴다.
The doctor insisted that he remain in bed.
The doctor insisted that he (should) remain in bed.
The commander ordered that the deserter (should) be shot to death.
c. 미래에 대한 기원
Long live the king! / (May) God bless you! / May he succeed!
d. 명령형을 사용한 양보.
* 명령형 + where. ...
Come when you may, you are welcome.
Say what he will, no one believes him. (Whatever he may say, -)
* 명령형 + ever so + 형용사
Be it ever so humble, there is no place like home.
( However humble it may be, there is no place like home.)
*명령형 + as...
Hurry as you will, you are sure to be late.
Try as you may, you can never do it in a week.
(However hard you may try, you can never do it in a week. )
* 명령형 + A or B
All men are equal before the law, be they rich or poor.
Be it true or not, it is not worth considering.
(=Whether it is true or not, it is not worth considering.)
(2) 가정법 미래의 용법
a. 미래에 대한 강한 의심을 나타내며, 인칭 여하를 막론하고, should를 쓴다.
이때 주절에는 should를 써도 되고 shall을 써도 된다.
What should (shall) I do if I should lose my sight?
b. 주어의 의지
If you would succeed, you would have to work harder.
(성공하려면 더 열심히 일해야 할 것이다.)
c. were to 는 순수한 가정을 뜻하며, 실현의 가능성이 없음을 나타낸다.
Even if the sun were to rise in the west, I would never change my mind.
C. 가정법 과거
(1) 현재의 사실에 반대되는 가정
a. If I had the book, I could lend it to you.
즉, As I don't have the book, I can not lend it to you의 뜻이다.
(그 책이 있으면 너에게 빌려 줄 텐데.)
b. Were I rich, I could go abroad. (내가 부자라면 외국에 갈 수 있을 텐데.)
If 가 생략되어 were가 앞에 나왔다.
If I were rich, = Were I rich,
If I had been rich, = Had I been rich,
If I should be rich, = Should I be rich,
c. 겸손한 말씨
Perhaps it would be better if you told him the facts.
(그에게 사실을 말씀 드리는 것이 좋을 성싶습니다만.)
(2) I wish 가정법
a. I wish it were true. ( I am sorry it is not true.)
I wish it had been true. ( I am sorry it were not true.)
b. 소망을 나타내는 감탄문의 대용
If I could only go with you!
(If I could only go with you, how glad I should be.)
(3) 가정법을 포함하는 관용용법
a. as if ---가정법
He talks as if he knew everything. (In fact, he does not know everything.)
He talked as if her knew everything. (In fact, he didn't know everything.)
He talks as if he had read the novel. (In fact, he has not read the novel.)
He talked as if he had read the novel. (In fact, he had not read the novel.)
b. It is time - 계속되는 형용사절에 가정법과거를 써서 당연, 필요를 나타낸다.
It is time that you went bed.
It is time that we were off.
(It is time that we should be off.)
c. had better는 항상 원형 부정사가 온다.
We had better go at once.
(It would be better for you to go at once.)
You had better have gone at once. = 너는 곧 갔으면 좋았는데.
(It would be better of for you to have gone at once.)
d. I would rather, I had rather (--차라리 -하고싶다.)
I would rather die than surrender.
I would rather have tea than coffee.
e. as it were (말하자면)
He is, as it were, a grown-up baby. (그는 말하자면 어른 아기이다.)
D. 가정법 과거완료
(1) 과거의 사실에 반대되는 가정
You could have done it if you had tried.
(=As you did not try, you could not do it.)
(2) If it were not for ( -이 없다면 )
If it had not been for ( -이 없었다면)
If it had not been for your help, I must have failed.
(3) I wish 다음에 가정법 과거완료를 쓰면 과거에 실현하지 못한 소망을 표시한다.
a. I wish I had worked harder in my youth.
(=I am sorry I did not work harder in my youth.)
b. I wished I had worked harder in my youth.
(=I was sorry I had not worked harder in my youth.)
(4) 조건 절은 가정법 과거완료이지만 주절이 가정법 과거가 되는 경우가 있다.
이는, 가정은 과거사실의 반대지만 그 결과가 현재에 미칠 수 있기 때문이다.
If it had not rained last night, the road would not be so muddy this morning.
(=As it rained last night, the road is so muddy this morning )
If he had not been killed in the war, he would be now thirty years old.
E. 조건 문구의 연결사
unless = if -not
provided (that) /providing (that) = if , if -only
supposing (that) / suppose = if
granted (that) / granting (that) = even if
on condition (that) / in case that =if
so that / so long as =if, if only
(1) Unless you had force of character and physical strength, you could not succeed in life. (인격의 힘과 체력을 갖지 않으면 너는 인생에서 성공할 수 없을 거다.)
(2) In case I forget, please remind me of it.
(내가 혹시 잊어버리면 그것을 생각나게 해 주십시오.)
(3) Suppose I were going, should you be sorry?
(내가 가 버리면 당신은 섭섭하겠습니까?)
(4) Granting that it is true, it does not concern me.
(비록 그것이 사실이라고 해도 나에게는 관계가 없다.)
(5) I agreed to engage him, provided (that) he was a man of strong will.
(그가 강한 의지력을 가진 사람이면 채용하기로 동의했다.)
(6) You may borrow the book so long as you keep it clean.
(네가 책을 깨끗이 보기만 하면 빌려주마.)
(7) I will accept the post on condition that you assist me.
(네가 나를 돕는다면 그 자리를 받아들이겠다.)
F. 조건 절의 대용을 하는 어구
(1) But for , without
a. -이 없으면 (If it were not for-)
But for the heat of the sun, nothing could live.
(태양열이 없으면 아무도 살 수 없을 것이다.)
b. -이 없었더라면 (If it had not been for-)
Without your timely advice, he would have been ruined.
(당신의 시기 적절한 사람이 없었더라면, 그는 파멸했을 것이다.)
* but for - , without -의 뜻은 주절에 의하여 결정된다.
But for his help, I couldn't succeed. -----가정법 과거
But for his help, I couldn't have succeeded. -----가정법 과거 완료
* but for 와 비슷한 것으로 but that 가 있는데 그 다음에 절이 또 직설법이 온다.
But that= unless
But that he has a family, he would have left
(2) 조건의 뜻을 포함하는 부정사와 분사
a. I should be happy to accompany you. I should be happy if I could accompany you.
(당신을 동반할 수 있다면 기쁘겠습니다.)
b. The same thing, happening in wartime, would amount to disaster.
The same thing, if it should happen in wartime, would amount to disaster.
(이와 같은 일이 전시에 나타난다면 큰 재난이 될 것이다.)
* Left to herself, she would have gone astray.
(If she had been left to herself, she would have gone astray.)
(3) 주어 형용사절에 조건의 뜻이 내포되어 있는 경우
a. A true friend would not say such a thing.
If he were a true friend, he would not say such a thing.
(참된 친구라면 그런 것을 말하지 않을 것이다.)
b. A man who had common sense would not do that.
A man, if he had common sense, would not do that.
(상식이 있는 사람이라면 그런 짓은 안 할 것이다.)
(4) 조건의 뜻을 포함하는 부사어구
a. He could easily have done it with your help.
He could easily have done it if he had had your help.
(너의 도움이 있었다면 그는 쉽게 그것을 할 수 있었을 텐데.)
One minute later, we might have been crushed to death.
If we had rushed out of the house one minute later, we might have been crushed to death. (일분만 늦었더라면 우리는 압사 당했을는지 도 모른다.)
b. I went at once; otherwise I should have missed the train.
I went at once; if I had not gone at once, I should have missed the train.
(나는 곧 갔다. 그렇지 않았다면 나는 그 기차를 놓쳤을 것이다.)
(5) 언외에 가정의 뜻을 포함하는 고정된 표현어구
a. I should say he is a great scholar. (그는 아마 대학자죠.)
I should say he is rather dull. (그는 아마 좀 둔하죠.)
b. That would seem strange. (그것은 아마 이상하게 보일 겁니다.)
If you did not know the truth, that would seem strange.
c. I should like to make a tour round the world. (나는 세계일주 여행을 하고 싶다.)
If I could, I should like to make a tour round the world.
d. Would you mind lending men your car? (미안하지만, 당신의 차를 빌려주시겠습니까?)
If I could ask you, would you mind lending men your car?
* A pin might have been heard to drop.
If it had dropped, a pin might have been heard to drop.
* I could do it now. (지금 그것을 하려면 할 수 도 있다.)
If I would, I could do it now.
* 다음을 if-절로 사용하여 바꿔 쓰시오.
1. It would be delightful to me for us to work together.
It would be delightful to me if we were to work together.
2. An ordinary man could not do such a thing.
If he were an ordinary man, he could not do such a thing.
3. An impartial judge would have pardoned them.
If he had been an impartial judge, he would have pardoned them.
4. To rely on such a traitor as that would be foolish.
If we were to rely on such a traitor as that, it would be foolish.
5. He would have been a failure in that field.
He would have been a failure if he had been engaged in that field.
6. In his place I would act differently.
If I were in his place, I would act differently.
7. I could go now, but I don't want to.
I could go now if I would, but I don't want to.
8. You might at least have come to say goodbye.
You might at least have come to say goodbye if you had been so minded.