1.
thematic roles에서 patient와 theme의 차이를 잘 모르겠습니다.
The police investigated the allegation.
She gave Pete a parcel.
에서 allegation은 patient이고, parcel은 theme이라고 하는데 도무지 어떻게 구분해야하는 건지 모르겠네요.
[답변] thematic roles(의미역할)를 명확하게 정의하기도 힘들지만 구분하기도 쉽지 않을 때가 있습니다. 정의나 구분도 학자마다 다르기도 하구요. 따라서 주어진 지문이나 문맥을 통해서 이해하는 것이 중요합니다. 시험에서 밑도 끝도 없이 thematic roles을 물어보는 경우는 없을 것입니다. 단 통사론 교재에서 thematic roles의 종류와 정의를 제시하고 주어진 문장에서 논항(argument)의 의미역할을 이해점검차원에서 물어볼 수는 있습니다. 아래 내용을 참고하시면 도움이 되실 겁니다.
① Thematic role
is the semantic relationship between a predicate (e.g. a verb) and an argumente.g. the noun phrases) of a sentence. Thematic roles include:
(a) Agent (행위역) deliberately performs the action.
Bill ate his soup quietly
(b) Experiencer (경험역) receives sensory or emotional input.
The smell of lilies filled Jennifer's nostrils.
(c) Theme (대상역) is the recipient of an action but does not change its state.
Bill gave Mary a present.
(d) Patient (수동역) undergoes the action and has its state changed.
The falling rocks crushed the car.
(e) Instrument (도구역) carries out the action.
Jamie cut the ribbon with a pair of scissors.
(f) Cause (원인역) mindlessly performs the action.
An avalanche destroyed the ancient temple.
(g) Location (장소역) is where the action occurs.
Johnny and Linda played carelessly in the park.
(h) Goal (목표역) is what the action is directed towards.
The caravan continued on toward the distant oasis.
(i) Source (근원역) is where the action originated.
The rocket was launched from Central Command.
② Features of Thematic role (의미역의 특징)
(a) Thematic roles are the same in sentences that are paraphrases.
(b) Thematic roles may remain the same in sentences that are not paraphrases.
John rolled the ball down the hill.
The ball was rolled down by John. (passivixation)
The ball rolled down the hill. (ergative verb)
③ Theta Criterion (의미역 기준): 하나의 논항에 하나의 의미역이 주어져야 한다.
In a sentence, each thematic role is assigned to a single noun phrase, and each noun phrase bears a unique thematic role. This is a proposed universal principle of grammar. This feature is known as bi-uniqueness.
Thematic roles separate pleonastic (dummy) noun phrases, which lack a thematic role, such as it in it is going to rain, from meaningful noun phrases, which have one.
2.
subcategorization은 syntactic level이고, selectional restriction은 semantic level인것 맞나요???
제가 혹 잘못 이해하고 있나 해서요...
[답변] 맞습니다. subcategorization는 Head(핵)이 보충어(Complement)의 형태적 범주만을 요구하므로 그 범주에 선택되어야할 의미하고는 관계가 없습니다. 하지만 selectional restriction 모든 논항에 주어지는 의미와 술어(predicate)와의 의미적 관계를 제한하므로 의미층위와 관련이 있습니다. 감사합니다.