Mongolian people

Mongolian people
Number and range
	Total: about 10 million
	PRC : 5.9 millionMongolia : 3.0 millionRussia : 647,747 (2010); ; Buryatia : 287 234 (2010); Kalmykia : 162,847 (2010); Irkutsk region : 78,534 (2010); The Transbaikal Territory : 74,073 (2010); ;
Language	Mongolian , Chinese , Russian
Religion	Buddhism , Islam , shamanism , Orthodoxy , Protestantism , Catholicism
Related peoples	the Tungus-Manchu peoples , the Türks

This term also has other meanings, see Mongol (meanings) .

Mongolian women in national costumes . Ulaanbaatar , 2007

Mongolian peoples are a group of related peoples speaking Mongolian languages , and are closely related to the common centuries-old history, culture, traditions and customs.

They inhabit the north of the PRC , Mongolia and the regions of the Russian Federation - the republics of Buryatia and Kalmykia, as well as the Irkutsk Region and the Trans-Baikal Territory ^[5] .

About 10 million people consider themselves to be Mongolian. Of these, 3 million are in Mongolia, 4 million are in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region , up to 3 million in Liaoning , Gansu , Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and other regions of China .

The structure of the Mongolian people are: Khalkha Mongols , Buryats , Barghouti , Kalmyk , Oirat , Chahar , Khorchin Mongols , harachiny , aruhorchiny , tumety , dzhalayty , avga , avganary , baariny , mu-myangaty , Naiman , aohane , onnyuty , durben-huhety , urates , throats , ordos , hongirats, dzharuty , uzumchiny , huchita , Mongors (tu) , daurs , dunsians , baoan .

Moguls and Hazaras in Afghanistan are of Mongol origin, but several ^{[ how many? ]} centuries are Iranian-speaking Muslim peoples. Sogvo-arigi speak the Tibetan language .

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Title [ edit ] edit the code ]

A number of researchers (N. Ts. Munkuev) note that the ethnonym "Mongol" is first encountered in the Chinese sources "Tszyu Tan Shu" ("The Old History of the Tang Dynasty ", compiled in 945 ) in the form of "men shu -wei" - "Mongols Shiwei", and in "Sin Tan Shu" ("The New History of the [Tang Dynasty]", compiled in 1045 - 1060 years ) in the form of "men-va bu" - "the tribe of men-va." In different Khitan and Chinese sources of the 12th century, these names were also used for these tribes: meng-ku, menguli, manguzi, mangoo. ^[6]^{: 238}

"[...] in the XII century, the aristocratic family of Khabul Khan ^[cf. 1] bore the name Bordzhigin and took the name of the Mongol after he subjugated and united several neighboring tribes and tribes, forming [in 1130 ], thus, a single political whole, one kind of ulus; this ulus and was given the name of the Mongol in memory of the glorious name of some ancient and mighty people or clan [...] "
- Russian Mongolian B. Ya. Vladimirtsov

Perhaps the name of the Mangut race ( Mongu mongood ) was an ancient sound of the name "Mongols" . ^[7]

History [ edit ] edit the code ]

Proto-Mongolian tribes who lived in Central Asia in the II-I millennium BC. e., created the so-called culture of tile graves . ^[8]^[9]

In the year 209 BC. e. Tsar Mode founded the state of Hunnu ( 209 BC up to the 2nd century AD) on the Mongolian plateau . Mongolian scholars consider Hunn to be a protomongol. The proto-Mongolian states Xianbi (93-234), Northern Wei (386-534), the Zhuzhan Kaganate (330-555), the Kidan (907-1125) and the Karakite khanate (1125-1218) existed until the XIII century .

For the first time, the ethnonym of the Mongols (men-gu, men-gu-li, men-va) is found in historical chronicles of the Tang period (7-10 centuries) ^[10] . Presumably the original place of settlement of the Predagonal tribes was the interfluve of the Argun and Onon rivers , from which they migrated to the Three Rivers (the Onon , Kerulen and Tuul rivers ) in the 8th century . ^[6]^{: 238}

Iakinf Bichurin well-known orientalist of the XIX century , having studied the ancient Chinese chronicle, wrote that the ethnonym Mongol appeared in the beginning of IX century . n. e., and the history of Mongolian peoples (protomongols) begins no later than the 25th century. BC. e. He also wrote that the ancient Mongols were known to the Chinese for 20 centuries under different names: Hun , Wuhuan , Xianbi , Zhuzhany , Dulga ^[11] , Oihor , Siyayanto , Khitan ^[12] .

Hamag Mongol [ edit ] edit the code ]

Main article: The Vsegonogolskoye state

In the XII century , the state formation of the Mongols of the Three Rivers - ulus Khamag Mongol ("All Mongols") was formed. The first ruler of the state was Khabul Khan ^[cf. 1] , which combined, according to " The Secret History of the Mongols " 27 tribes Nirun-Mongolian ( "Mongolian proper"), including superior position occupied genera hiad- Borjigin and Tayichi'ut ^[6]^{: 238-239} . In addition to these Mongols, there were tribes of the Darlequin-Mongols ("Mongols in general") who were not members of the Hamag Mongol association and were nomadic in the areas adjacent to the Three-Rivers.

The Mongol Empire [ edit ] edit the code ]

Main article: Mongolian Empire

In the XIII century, the Mongols, led by Genghis Khan and two generations of his descendants, created the most significant empire of the era ^[13] . At the same time, the tribal division was abolished and gave way to division according to the tumes and arms of the troops. As a result, the ethnonyms of the Mongol tribes, who have played a significant role in doimperskuyu era (eg saldzhiut ) remained on the fringes of the Empire, and after the collapse of the state in addition to a number of new, on the basis of military supplies (eg, Torgouts , sharayd , kubdut ) . A significant part of the Mongols refers to the Bordigins - the descendants of Genghis Khan and his relatives.


Oirats (Sayano-Altai)	Bargut and Chori Tumata near Lake Baikal	bayat along the Selenga River	Jalair on the Onon River
mergady (on the river Selenga )		Tatars and Khongirads (south of the right bank of the Argun River and the lakes of Buyr and Hulun)
kereits (along the rivers Orkhon and Tuul ) further to the southwest. naimans (along the Altai Range )	Ongudy (north of the Great Wall of China )

Empire Yuan [ edit ] | edit the code ]

At the end of the XIII century, the grandson of Genghis Khan Khubilai founded the Yuan dynasty with capitals in Beijing and Shandu . After defeating the opponents in the midst of the Mongolian nobility, he subdued most of the territory of modern Mongolia .

A significant portion of the Mongols formed the upper stratum of the administration and the internal troops of China, along with those who came from other non-Chinese peoples, attracted by Khubilai and his heirs. Thanks to this, there appeared such groups of population as the Mongols of Yunnan in Southern China.

In 1368 the Mongols, after the internecine clashes of the Mongolian nobility, were driven from China to the north by the troops of Zhu Yuanzhang , who captured Peking and proclaimed the Ming dynasty .

Mongols in the period of the Lesser Khans [ edit ] edit the code ]

In the XIV-XVII centuries the territory of Mongolia was divided among themselves by Chingisids and Oirats - the western Mongols, who gradually created the powerful Dzungar Khanate .

XVII-XIX century [ edit ] edit the code ]

In 1640, the last general-Mongol congress took place, at which Khalkha-Mongols and Oirats , including Kalmyks , were present .

In 1670-1690 the Oirat leader Galdan-Bososhtu , the first in Dzungaria who proclaimed himself khan, successfully subjugated a number of cities on the Silk Road and made successful trips to Central Mongolia. The Chingisid princes appealed to their allies for help to the Manchus , who provided such assistance on the condition that the Mongols empowered the Mongols to accept citizenship.

In the XVII century, the lands of the Mongolian peoples and the peoples themselves fell under varying degrees of dependence on China and Russia. In the Qing empire, theMongols of Inner and Outer Mongolia had different rights and lost the opportunity for free communication, which caused the formation of separate nationalities.

XX century [ edit ] edit the code ]

The boundaries of the Mongolian empire in the XIII century (orange) and the area of settlement of modern Mongols (red)

In 1911 the independence of Outer Mongolia was proclaimed from the Manchu empire of Qing , and after the revolutions in Russia the autonomous formations of the Mongolian peoples inhabiting it were formed in the RSFSR - the Buryat-Mongolian ASSR (1923) and the Kalmyk ASSR (1935). For Inner Mongolia , autonomy was declared in the Republic of China, then (1936-1945) on part of its territory with the help of Japanese militarists, during the war with China , the Mengjiang state ("Mongolian frontier lands"), headed by the Prince Borjigin Demchigdonrov , The existence after the capitulation of Japan inWorld War II . A significant part of the Mongolian administration of Mengjiang fled to Taiwan and partly to Mongolia.

Genetics [ edit ] edit the code ]

According to the study of genetics in 2014, the most common Y-chromosome haplogroups in the Mongols are: C - 56.7%, O - 19.3%, N - 11.9% ^[14] .

Classification
Mongolian Languages
Taxon :	Group
Ancestral home :	Central-Eastern Asia
Areal:	Mongolia , northern China , Russia ( Buryatia , Kalmykia )
Category :	Languages of Eurasia
Nostratic macrofamily (hypothesis) The Altai family (hypothesis)
Composition
Khitan language , Mongolian language , Mongolian language , Kalmyk language , Oirat language , Buryat language and a number of others
Time of separation :	I thousand BC. e.
Language Group Codes
ISO 639-2 :	-
ISO 639-5 :	xgn
See also: Project: Linguistics

CAFE

朝鮮 뉴스

몽골언어 - 한국은 몽골 아님 - 추가

Mongolian people

Content

Title [ edit ] edit the code ]

History [ edit ] edit the code ]

Hamag Mongol [ edit ] edit the code ]

The Mongol Empire [ edit ] edit the code ]

Empire Yuan [ edit ] | edit the code ]

Mongols in the period of the Lesser Khans [ edit ] edit the code ]

XVII-XIX century [ edit ] edit the code ]

XX century [ edit ] edit the code ]

Genetics [ edit ] edit the code ]

See also [ edit ] edit the code ]

Content

Classification [ edit ] | edit the code ]

Ergativity and grammatical gender in Mongolian [ edit ] edit the code ]

Examples [ edit ] edit the code ]

See also [ edit ] edit the code ]

Literature [ edit ] edit the code ]

Links [ edit ] edit the code ]

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Number and range
Total: about 10 million
PRC : 5.9 million^[1]Mongolia : 3.0 million^[2]Russia : 647,747 (2010)^[3]^[4] Buryatia : 287 234 (2010)^[3]^[4] Kalmykia : 162,847 (2010)^[3]^[4] Irkutsk region : 78,534 (2010)^[3]^[4] The Transbaikal Territory : 74,073 (2010)^[3]^[4]
Language	Mongolian , Chinese , Russian
Religion	Buddhism , Islam , shamanism , Orthodoxy , Protestantism , Catholicism
Related peoples	the Tungus-Manchu peoples , the Türks