제 12 장 전치사(Preposition)
1. 전치사의 형태
(1) 단순전치사 : at, by, till, after, on, concerning, excepting, considering...
(2) 전치사구 : for want of, in place of, on account of, in spite of..
2. 전치사의 기능
전치사는 명사 (또는 대명사)와 결합하여 하나의 구를 만드는데, 전치사의 주요 기능을 보면
다음과 같다.
(1) 형용사구나 부사구를 만든다.
ex 1) Yesterday I received a letter in French. (형용사구)
2) He studied music in France for two years. (부사구)
(2) 전치사의 목적어는 목적격이 되어야 한다.
ex 1) Listen to me carefully.
2) Look at her. (○) Look at she. (×)
(3) 전치사의 목적어가 동사가 될 때는 동명사이어야 한다.
ex 1) Before going to bed, you must brush your teeth.
2) Thank you very much for inviting me. (○)
cf) Thank you very much for to invite me. (×)
(4) 전치사가 부사 또는 접속사의 구실을 할 때도 있다.
ex 1) We played tennis after school. (전치사)
2) We played tennis after school was over. (접속사)
3) I have met him before. (부사)
4) Before breakfast I brush my teeth. (전치사)
5) Before I have breakfast, I brush my teeth. (접속사)
3. 전치사의 위치 및 역할
전치사는 그 목적어의 앞에 두는 것이 원칙이지만, 다음과 같은 경우에는 그 목적어 뒤에 온다.
(1) 전치사의 목적어가 의문사인 경우
ex 1) What does he draw pictures with?
= With what does he draw pictures?
2) I don't know what she is talking about.
3) Who(m) are you looking for?
(2) 전치사의 목적어가 관계대명사인 경우
ex) That is the house (which) they live in.
(3) 부정사가 형용사구를 이루는 경우
ex) He has no friend to play with.
(4) 전치사를 포함한 동사구가 수동형이 되는 경우
ex 1) A dog was run over (by the bus).
강조하기 위하여 전치사의 목적어를 문장의 앞으로 보낼 때
ex 2) Such a fellow I look down upon.
(5) 전치사구(= 전치사 + 목적어)의 역할 ; 형용사구, 부사구의 역할을 한다.
① 형용사구 : 한정용법 → 명사 바로 뒤에서 명사를 직접 수식함.
주격보어(서술용법) → 동사의 주격보어로 쓰임.
목적보어(서술용법) → 동사의 목적보어로 쓰임.
② 부사구 : 동사, 형용사, 부사, 문장 전체를 수식함.
ex 1) The book on the desk is Tom's. (한정용법)
2) The matter is of importance. (주격보어)
3) I took it for granted that she was absent. (목적보어)
4) He solved the problem with ease. (동사를 수식)
5) He is good at history. (형용사를 수식)
③ 전치사, 부사, 접속사의 비교
ex 1) The dog ran after the rabbit. (뒤에 명사상당어구가 옴 - 전치사)
It started to rain soon after. (단독으로 쓰임 - 부사)
I arrived after he left. (뒤에 주어 + 동사가 옴 - 접속사)
2) I have not seen him since then. (전치사)
I have not seen him since. (부사)
It is ten years since I came here. (접속사)
3) Lóok at the picture. (○) → 자동사 + 전치사 + 명사
Lóok the picture at. (×)
Lóok at it. (○) → 자동사 + 전치사 + 대명사
Lóok it at. (×)
4) Put ón your coat. (○) → 타동사 + 부사 + 명사
Put your coat ón. (○)
Put ón it. (×)
Put it ón. (○) → 타동사 + 대명사 + 부사
⇒ 자동사 + 전치사와 자동사 + 부사의 구별은 자동사가 본래의 의미를 유지하고
있는지 아니면 본래의 의미와 멀어져 있는 지로 구별하거나 목적어를 전치사 뒤로
보낼 수 있는지의 여부로 구별한다.
일반적으로 at, for, from, of, to 등은 자동사 뒤에서 전치사로 쓰이며,
on, off, up, down, over, out 등은 주고 타동사 뒤에서 부사로 쓰인다.
④ 자동사 + 전치사의 예
ex 1) You have to thínk of your family.
2) Don't láugh at me.
3) Lóok at that bird.
4) I am lóok for my pen.
5) I must cáll at his office.
6) I'll spéak to him about the matter.
7) Our success depénds on your help.
8) You must lóok into that question.
⑤ 타동사 + 부사의 예
ex 1) I turned ín my notebook.
I turned my notebook ín.
I turned it ín.
I turned in it. (×)
2) Take óff your shoes.
Take your shoes óff.
Take them óff.
Take off them. (×)
3) Please turn ón the light.
Please turn the light ón.
Please turn it ón.
Please turn on it. (×)
4) call úp (전화하다) carry óut (수행하다)
give úp (포기하다) pick úp (줍다, 도중에서 태우다)
put áway (치우다) put dówn (진압하다, 내려놓다)
put óff (연기하다) see óff (전송하다)
turn óut (불을 끄다) use úp (다 써버리다)
4. 전치사의 용법
(1) 시간을 나타내는 전치사
① at : 짧은 시간의 일 점을 나타낸다. [몇 시, 분, 정오]
ex 1) Our school begins at eight-thirty.
2) We eat lunch at noon.
3) They will arrive here at this tomorrow.
4) at midnight (자정에), at night (밤에), at dawn (새벽에),
at the end of this year (올해 여말에),
at this time (of) next year. (내년 이맘 때)
in : 비교적 긴 시간을 나타낸다. [월, 계절, 해(年), 아침, 저녁]
ex 1) How many holidays are there in October?
2) We go on a picnic in the spring and the fall.
3) Columbus discovered America in 1492.
4) in the morning (or afternoon, evening)
5) in (my) life (내 평생에), in my schooldays (학창시절에)
on : 일정한 일시를 나타낸다. [날짜, 정한 시간]
ex 1) We have no school on Sunday. (요일)
2) Abraham Lincoln was born on february 12(th), 1809. (月日)
(cf) in the morning in May
on Saturday morning on the fifteenth of May
on a rain day (비가 오는 날에)
② in : ∼이 지나서, ∼만에 (시제는 미래가 중심)
within : ∼이내에 (일정한 기한 내에)
after : ∼후에 (동작의 완료 기준, 과거시제)
before : ∼전에
ex) Cancer will kill him in a few days.
ex) He will come back within a few months.
ex) The work was finished after a month.
ex) You must come back before dark.
③ by : ∼까지 (어느 때 까지 동작완료)
till(=until) : ∼까지 (어느 때 까지 동작의 계속)
ex) I will be here by six.
(나는 여섯시까지 여기에 오겠다; by는 한계점만 나타냄)
ex) I will be here till six.
(나는 여섯시까지 여기에 있겠다; till은 계속을 표시함)
④ since : ∼이래 줄 곧 (과거로부터 현재까지 계속)
from : ∼로부터 (출발점만 표시)
ex) I have lived here since my birth.
(나는 태어난 이래 줄곧 여기서 살고있다.)
ex) He works hard form morning till night.
(그는 아침부터 저녁까지 열심히 공부한다.)
⑤ for : ∼동안 (일정한 길이의 시간, 일반적으로 숫자 앞)
during : ∼중에 (어떤 일이 계속되고 있는, 특정의 사건, 기간 앞에)
through : ∼동안 줄곧 (처음부터 끝까지 계속)
ex) The war lasted for seven years. (그 전쟁은 7년 동안 계속되었다.)
ex) He slept during the meeting. (그는 회의 도중에 잠을 잤다; 잠깐동안)
ex) He slept through the meeting.
(그는 회의가 시작해서 끝날 때까지 줄곧 잤다; 계속)
ex) I stayed in Seoul for three days. During the three days, I met him.
⑥ form : 『∼부터』 (시간의 출발점)
since : 『∼이래로』 (과거부터 현재까지 계속)
ex 1) He will live here from next month.
2) He has lived here since last year.
(2) 장소를 나타내는 전치사
① at : 비교적 좁은 장소
in : 비교적 넓은 장소 (대도시, 국가 등)
ex) He works as a guide at Busan in Seoul.
②
|
above over up ↖ | ↑ | on | ----------------------- beneath | ↓ | ↙ | below under down |
on : 위에 (표면에 접촉된, 천장이나 벽면에 부착된 것은 모두 on)
beneath : (아래쪽에 접촉된) 밑에
over : (바로) 위에
under : (바로) 밑에
above : (보다) 위에
below : (보다) 아래쪽에
ex 1) My watch is on the desk.
2) I put the pillow beneath my head.
3) Our plane is flying over the mountains.
4) The dog is under the table.
5) The top of the mountain was seen above the clouds.
6) We saw the whole city below us.
③ up : (운동을 수반할 때) 위쪽으로
down : (운동을 수반할 때) 아래쪽으로
ex 1) The monkey ran up a tree.
2) They went down the hill.
④ in : 『∼안에』
into : 『∼안으로』
out of : 『∼밖으로』
ex 1) My parents are in the room.
2) They came into the room.
3) They went out of the room.
⑤ between : (둘) 사이에
among : (셋 이상) 사이에
ex 1) The town lies between Seoul and Taejon.
2) Many birds are singing among the trees.
⑥ before :『∼의 앞에』
behind :『∼뒤에』
after :『∼의 뒤를 쫓아』
ex 1) He is standing before the house. (= in front of)
2) There is a hill behind our school (= at the back of)
3) They ran after the thief.
⑦ by : 『∼옆에』 along : 『∼을 따라서』
across : 『∼을 건너』 through : 『∼을 통하여』
ex 1) My desk is by the window.
(cf) My house is beside the river.
2) They were walking along the street.
3) Be careful when you walk across the street. (walk across = cross)
4) We drove through a forest.
⑧ round : 『∼을 돌아서』 (동작을 나타낸다)
around : 『∼주위에, ∼둘레에』 (정지된 상태를 나타낸다)
ex 1) The earth goes round (or around) the sun.
2) They sat around (or round) the table.
◇ round와 around는 엄격한 구별 없이 혼용되고 있다.
about : ∼의 주위에, 막연한 주변을 나타냄.
ex) He walked about the street.
⑨ to : 『∼로(에)』 (도착 지점을 나타냄) [go, come 등과 쓰임]
for : 『∼을 향하여』 (방향을 나타냄) [leave, start와 쓰임]
toward(s) : 『∼쪽으로』 (운동 방향을 나타낸다)
from : 『∼로부터』 (출발점을 나타낸다)
ex 1) Father went to church with my uncle.
2) They will start for Gwangju tomorrow.
3) I saw them running toward the school.
4) It is (or takes) five hours by train from Seoul to Busan.
(3) 원인, 이유를 나타내는 전치사
① of → 병, 굶주림, 노령 등으로 인한 원인
② from : 피로, 상처, 과로 등으로 인한 원인. 직접적 원인.
③ through : 간접적, 소극적 원인. (태만, 부주의, 결점, 매개의 수단)
④ at : 감정의 원인 (∼을 보고, 듣고, 알고서) 기쁘다 (슬프다).)
⑤ over : 감정의 원인 (∼에 대하여 울다 (웃다)).
⑥ for : 행위의 이유 (∼때문에)
⑦ with : 행위의 원인 (∼때문에; 추위, 두려움, 무서움, 흥분)
ex) He died of cancer[hunger].
ex) He was taken ill from fatigue.
ex) He died of consumption (cholera).
ex) We lost ourselves through not knowing the way.
ex) I was surprised at the news of his death.
ex) We rejoiced over the victory.
ex) She couldn't speak for laughing.
ex) He was trembling with fear (rage).
(4) 재료, 원료의 전치사
① of : 물리적 변화 (형태만 바뀜) 『∼로부터(되다)』
② from : 화학적 변화 (형태나 질이 변함) 『∼로부터(되다)』
③ into : 원료가 제품이 될 때 ( A is made into B )
④ in : 표현방법 (speak), 수단 (write), 재료 (paint), 착용. 『∼로』
ex) The house was made of stone. (그 집은 돌집이었다.)
ex) We can make chemical fibers from petroleum.
(석유에서 화학섬유를 만들 수 있다.)
ex) The huts can be made into temporary houses.
(그 오두막들은 임시 주택으로 개축될 수 있다.)
ex) This picture is painted in oils. (이 그림은 유채 재료로 그린 것이다.)
◇ the man in uniform = 제복을 입은 남자.
speaking in English = 영어로 말하는.
a statue in marble = 대리석으로 만든 조상.
bound in leather = 가죽으로 만들어진.
the woman in white = 흰옷을 입은 여인.
dressed in rags = 누더기를 걸친.
(5) 수단, 방법, 도구, 매개에 관한 전치사
① with : 도구 (∼을 가지고, ∼으로)
② by : 수동태에서는 행위자(∼에 의해서), 능동태에서는 운송수단(∼을 타고)
③ through : 중개, 경로, 매개, 수단. (∼을 통하여)
ex 1) Don't cut your bread with a knife.
2) He was killed with a pistol.
3) Don't write your letter in red ink.
4) This letter was written by the man with a fountain-pen.
5) Though books, we learn much about other countries.
(6) 기타의 전치사
① for : 『∼원어치의』(가격)
by : 『∼로』(단위)
ex) I bought the book for 5,000 won.
= I paid 5,000 won for the book.
= The book cost me 5,000 won.
ex) Sugar is sold by the pound.
② for : 『찬성하는』
against : 『반대하는』
ex) Are you for the plan?
ex) He is against the idea.
③ on : 『∼에 관하여』
except : 『∼을 제외하고』
ex) He has many books on mathematics.
ex) Everyone except him liked the idea
5. 전치사구 Ⅰ
(1) at the mercy of ∼ ＝ in the power of : ∼에 좌우되어, ∼의 처분대로.
ex) The ship was at the mercy of the wind and the waves.
(2) at the risk of one's life : 목숨을 걸고, 죽을 각오를 하고.
ex) He saved the child at the risk of his own life.
(3) by means of ∼ ＝ by dint of ∼ ＝ by virtue of ∼ : ∼의 덕택으로, ∼에 의해서.
ex) Thoughts are expressed by means of words.
(4) by way of ∼ : ① ∼을 경유하여.
② ∼하기 위하여, ∼하는 셈으로.
ex) I went to London by way of Paris.
ex) They are making inquiries by way os learning the facts.
(5) for the purpose of ∼ = with the object of∼ ＝ with a view to
＝ with the view of ∼ : ∼할 목적으로.
ex) He entered college for the purpose of studying law.
(6) for the sake of ∼ = for the good of ∼ = for the benefit of ∼
＝ for the interest of ∼ : ∼을 위하여, ∼의 이익을 위해.
ex) He argues for the sake of arguing.
(7) in accordance with ∼ : ∼에 따라서, ∼와 일치하여.
ex) He acted in accordance with his words.
(8) in comparison with ∼ = compared with ∼ : ∼과 비교하면.
ex) There is an over-supply in comparison with the demand.
(9) in consequence of ∼ = as a result of ∼ : ∼의 결과로서.
ex) In consequence of the inflation of the currency, the prices of things have
greatly risen.
(10) according to + 명사 = in proportion to + 명사.
ex) According to the rule, we can choose neither of them.
(11) according as + 주어 + 동사 = in proportion as + 주어 + 동사 : ∼에 의하면, ∼에 따라서.
ex) You will receive according as you give.
(12) in case (that) + 주어 + 동사 : ∼할 경우에는, ∼에 대비하여.
ex) Take a sweater in case (that) the weather should turn cold.
(13) in case of + 명사 = in the event of : ∼할 경우에는.
ex) In case of fire, ring the alarm bell.
(14) on account of ∼ = because of ∼ = on the ground of ∼
= owing to ∼ = due to ∼ : ∼때문에 (이유를 표시하는 전치사구)
ex) I cannot accept your invitation on account of my illness.
(15) in spite of ∼ = despite ∼ = in the face of ∼ = with all ∼
= for all ∼ ＝ after all ∼ : ∼에도 불구하고.
ex) They went out in spite of the heavy rain.
(16) in company with ∼ = together with ∼ : ∼과 함께.
ex) He came in company with a group of boys.
(17) in common with ∼ = together with ∼ : ∼과 함께, ∼처럼.
in the course of ∼ = during ∼ : ∼하는 동안에.
in favor of ∼ = in one's favor = for : ∼에 찬성하여, ∼에 이익이 되도록
in the light of ∼ = in view of ∼ : ∼에 비추어서, ∼의 관점에서.
in addition to ∼ = besides : ∼이외에도, ∼뿐만 아니라.
in place of ∼ = in one's place = instead of ∼ : ∼대신에.
6. 전치사구 Ⅱ
(1) in terns of ∼ : ∼의 면에서, ∼의 견지에서.
∼의 말투로, ∼의 표현으로.
(2) in honor of ∼ : ∼에 경의를 표하여, ∼을 축하하여.
(3) in (on) behalf of∼=in (on) one's behalf∼ :∼을 위하여, ∼을 대신하여.
(4) as for ∼ = with reference to ∼ : ∼에 관해 말하자면, ∼에 관하여.
(주로 문장의 앞에 사용)
(5) as to ∼ = about ∼ = concerning ∼ = regarding ∼ = as concerns
= in regard to ∼ = in respect to ∼ = with reference to ∼ : ∼에 관하여.
(6) apart from ∼ : ∼은 별문제로 하고, ∼은 그만두고.
(7) at the cost of ∼ : at the expense of ∼ : ∼을 희생하여.
(8) in pursuit of ∼ = in search of ∼ : ∼을 찾아서, ∼을 추구하여.
(9) without regard to ∼ = regardless of ∼ = irrespective of ∼ : ∼에 관계없이, ∼에 상관없이.
7. 동사 + 전치사의 유형
(1) agree with + 사람
agree with + 제안
agree with + 의견
(2) answer to ∼ : 일치하다, 부합하다.
answer for ∼ : ∼을 책임지다.
ask a favor of ∼ : ∼을 부탁하다.
ask for ∼ : ∼을 요구하다.
ask after ∼ : 문병하다.
(3) call on + 사람 : ∼을 방문하다.
call at + 장소
call for ∼ : 요구하다.
(4) correspond with ∼ : 일치하다, 서신왕래를 하다.
correspond to ∼ : 동등하다, 상당하다.
(5) compare A with B : A와 B를 비교하다.
compare A to B : A를 B에 비유하다.
(6) deal in ∼ : ∼을 거래하다, 팔다.
deal with ∼ : 취급하다, 다루다.
(7) inquire into ∼ = look into ∼ = investigate : 조사하다.
inquire after ∼ = ask after ∼ : 문병하다.
inquire of ∼ : 질문하다.
(8) pass for ∼ : ∼으로 통하다.
(9) put up at = stop at : ∼에 투숙하다.
(10) put up with = endure = bear = stand = tolerate : ∼을 참다, 견디다.
(11) stand by ∼ = stand for ∼ : 대신하다, 나타나다.