안녕하십니까?
지난 주 영작문제 해설과 이번 주 영작문제를 보내드립니다.
본인의 영작을 다음 카페 게시판에 올리시거나 저에게 보내 주십시오
본인이 영작을 하고 나면 나중에 해설을 볼 때 가져가는 것이 더욱 더 많습니다.
초보자들을 위해 문제를 (a) (b) 로 두문제씩 출제합니다. 많은 회원들의 참여와 토론을 기대합니다.
아래의 내용은 이번주 영작문제 입니다.
[문제] (a) 캐나다에서는 어느나라 말을 사용하고 있나요?
(b) 우리는 새로운 큰 정수 처리장 설계를 끝내고 시공을 위한 입찰을 시행가고 있습니다. 그러나 내년 10월이 되어야 비로소 완공 될 것입니다.
아래의 내용은 지난 주 영작해설입니다.
[문제] (a) 할아버지는 항상 안경을 어디에다 두셨는지 잊으신다
(b) 안경에 금방 김이 서려버려서, 안개속에서 희미한 그림자가 나를 향해 다가오는 것을 간신히 볼 수 있었다
(a) 는 시제 관련 문제입니다. 우리말 문장 제일 뒤에 오는 '잊으신다'가 동사니까 forget 을 써야겠지요. 분명히 우리말로도 현재시제고 함축된 의미도 시간상 과거, 현재, 미래니까 영어로도 현재시제를 쓴다 해서 잘못 된 것은 하나도 없습니다. 즉 (My) Grandfather always forgets...
그런데 표현하고자 하는 내용속에 감정이 섞여져서 '잊으시지 않았으면 좋으련만'이라는 함축의미를 넣고자 할 경우 Catherine 이 잘 올려준대로 always, forever, constantly, perpeturally...등의 부사와 함께 현재진행시제가 쓰인다는 것이지요. (My) Grandfather is always forgetting...
'안경을 어디에다 두셨는지"를 where he puts his glasses 라고 영역하면 '두셨는지'가 아니고 "두시는지'의 뜻이 되겠지요. 다시 말해서 매번 두시는 곳이 바뀌는 것이 아니라, 항상 똑 걑은 곳에 두시는 곳을 잊으신다는 뜻이 되니 완전 치매에 걸리셨다는 뜻이 되버리지요.
'두셨는지'가 바로 전에 일어난 동작으로 당연히 아셔야 할 곳이라는 함축의미라면 이것이 보로 시간상 현재+과거 가 되어 시간이 현재+과거인 경우 영어에서는 현재완료시제를 쓰지요. 그렿다면 정역예는
(My) Grandfather is always forgetting where he has put his glasses.
(b) 의 정역예는 이미 심두선님의 글에서 잘 밝혀진 것인데 어디 함께 영작을 해 볼까요?
먼저 동사는 '간신히 볼 수 있었다'라는 것을 알 수 있지요. '간신히 볼 수 있었다'를 긍정문으로 볼 것이냐 부정문으로 볼 것이냐에 따라 could 를 쓸 것인지 또는 was able to/managed to/succeeded in ~ 가 적절한지가 구별 된다는 것은 나와 함께 조동사를 잘 공부하신 분은 먼저 생각을 하게 되어있지요. 만약에 '간신히'를 hardly 나 barely 또는 only 와 같은 부사로 쓰기로 작정 했다면 이는 부정부사들에 해당이 되어 could hardly/barely/only 라고 쓰게 됩니다.
'볼 수 있었다' 니까 별 생각 없이 see 만을 생각하지 말고 '보인다'는 무의지 동사로 흔히 쓰이는 see 보다는 이런 경우 make out 을 생각해 볼 수가 있는 것이지요. 그렇다면 I could only (just) make out/see a gray shadow coming toward me in/through the mist.
'안경에 금방 김이 서려버려서' 를 부사절로 착안하면 이유를 나타내는 접속사 since/as 뒤에 my glasses fogged up right away 를 연결하면 되겠네요. 동사 fog 은 vt, vi 롤 다 쓰이지만 fog up 이라고 쓸 경우에는 자동사. 따라서 부사구로 만드느라 with my glasses fogged up 이라고 쓰는 것은 적절치가 않겠네요.
정역 예] Since my glasses fogged up right away, I could only (just) make out a gray shadow coming toward me in/through the mist.
심두선님 영작입니다.
Dear Fellow Members,
Your feedback on the English compositions below will be much appreciated.
(a) 할아버지는 항상 안경을 어디에다 두셨는지 잊으신다.
Grandfather is always forgetting where he has put his glasses.
Grandfather is always misplacing his glasses.
(b) 안경에 금방 김이 서려버려서, 안개 속에서 희미한 그림자가 나를 향해 다가오는 것을 간신히 볼 수 있었다.
Since my glasses fogged up right away, I could only just make out a gray shape/shadow coming toward me through the mist.
I could only make out a vague silhouette of a person approaching me through the mist because my glasses fogged up right away.
1. He is always forgetting…
If you say that something is always (continually, forever, etc.) happening, you mean that it happens often and repeatedly and that this is annoying or surprising. When you use always like this, you use it with a verb in a continuous tense.
Uncle Harold was always fussing and worrying.
The bed was always collapsing.
2. He is always forgetting where he has put vs. put his glasses
This is a standard case that follows the standard matching of tenses. Therefore:
a. present tense: describes a habit
Grandfather forgets where he puts his glasses.
b. simple past: describes an incident in the past
Grandfather forgot where he put his glasses.
c1. present perfect + simple past: describe an incident that began in the past but continues into the present, i.e, Grandfather has not yet remembered where he put his glasses.
Grandfather has forgotten where he put his glasses.
c2. present perfect + present tense: states that Grandfather has a set place for his glasses, and he has forgotten where that place is.
Grandfather has forgotten where he puts his glasses.
Sentence c1 is a common type. For example:
I've forgotten where we put these dishes. Do they go here or over there?
When the main clause uses the present continuous tense, however, there are several options for the dependent clause, as follows:
d1. present continuous + present perfect
Grandfather is always forgetting where he has put his glasses.
d2. present continuous + simple past
Grandfather is always forgetting where he put his glasses.
Both d1 and d2 describe a habit that is long-standing and frequent, but d1 gives just a tad more emphasis on the dependent clause with the use of the present perfect that implies the actions of ‘has put his glasses’ and ‘is always forgetting’ are virtually simultaneous. Sentence d2, on the other hand, clearly indicates that the action in the dependent clause happens first. Both sentences are commonly used by native speakers, and both can indicate a low level of irritability on the part of the speaker.
There is also:
d3. present continuous + present tense
Sentence d3 describes a long-standing habit of forgetting the proper place for the glasses, and can indicate some irritability on the part of the speaker.
3. ...only just make out vs. see
If you make something out, you manage with difficulty to see or hear it.
I could just make out a tall, pale, shadowy figure tramping through the undergrowth...
She thought she heard a name. She couldn't make it out, though...
I heard the voices, but couldn't make out what they were saying.
4. ‘could’ in the past
‘Could’ is not normally used to say that somebody did something on one occasion in the past.
I managed to buy (=was able to buy, succeeded in buying) a really nice coat yesterday. (NOT I could buy a really nice coat yesterday.)
However, we can use ‘could’ to talk about one occasion with words like ‘hardly’ or ‘only’ that have a negative sense.
She could hardly believe her eyes.
I could only get six eggs.
(1) I could only just make out…
(2) I managed to make out…
(3) I was only just able to make out…
(4) I only just succeeded in making out…
Expression! (2) is not possible due to its meaning. Expression!s (3) and (4) are viable alternatives to (1). Expression! (1), due to the usage of ‘could,’ has a slight emphasis on the tenuous nature of having made out the gray shape; expression!s (3) and (4) emphasize the act of making out the gray shape due to the use of the past tense and the verbs ‘was able’ and ‘succeeded.’ These differences are very slight, however, and all three expression!s are commonly used by native speakers to describe the same situation.
Sincerely,
Doosun Sim