오늘의 식물 4???번째! 카우리소나무! 남양삼나무과에 속하며 수지를 함유하는 목재용 침엽수.
식물명: 카우리소나무
분류: 식물계(Plantae) 겉씨식물門(Pinophyta, 나자식물문, 관다발) 구과식물綱(Pinopsida, 소나무강) 소나무目(Pinales) 남양삼나무科(-, -科) -屬(Agathis,-属)
다른 분류: Kingdom: Plantae// Clade: Tracheophytes// Clade: Gymnospermae// Division: Pinophyta// Class: Pinopsida// Order: Araucariales// Family: Araucariaceae// Genus: Agathis// Species: A. australis
학명: Agathis australis (D.Don) Loudon , 이명: - 학명 해설:
영명, 일명, 중명- kauri pine, チョウセンゴヨウ( chosen-goyo, 朝鮮五葉, 별명: チョウセンマツ, ちょうせん-まつ, 朝鮮松)-일명, 오수송(五鬚松)-漢名,
기타 이름, 異名- 다마르소나무. 이름과 다르게 소나무로 분류되지 않는다.
이름 기원, 유래- 소나무와 곰솔(해송)의 잡종.
전설, 설화, 성경,
꽃말:
노래, 시화 소재 -
특징: 크기는 45m 정도이다. 수피는 청회색을 띤다. 잎은 일반적인 소나무와 달리 너비가 있고 얇고 부드럽다. 잎은 길이 약 20~35mm, 너비 약 10~15mm로 어긋나거나 마주 나며, 잎자루는 없다. 열매는 구과(毬果) 로 지름은 약 50~75mm이다. 열매는 초가을에서 한겨울 사이에 맺는다. 열매는 9~1월에 맺는다. 씨에는 날개가 있다. 물을 좋아하여 강우량이 많은 지역에서 잘 자란다.
Agathis australis, commonly known as kauri, is a species of coniferous tree in the family Araucariaceae, most commonly found north of 38°S in the northern regions of New Zealand's North Island.
It is the largest (by volume) but not tallest species of tree in New Zealand, standing up to 50 metres (160 ft) tall in the emergent layer above the forest's main canopy. The tree has smooth bark and small narrow leaves. Other common names to distinguish A. australis from other members of Agathis are southern kauri and New Zealand kauri.
With its podsolization capability and regeneration pattern it can compete with faster growing angiosperms. Because it is such a conspicuous species, forest containing kauri is generally known as kauri forest, although kauri need not be the most abundant tree. In the warmer northern climate, kauri forests have a higher species richness than those found further south. Kauri even act as a foundation species that modify the soil under their canopy to create unique plant communities.
Taxonomy
Scottish botanist David Don described the species as Dammara australis. The genus name Agathis is derived from Greek and means 'ball of twine', a reference to the shape of the male cones, which are also known by the botanical term strobili.[6] The specific epithet australis translates in English to 'southern', and was used to distinguish the species from the other members of Agathis, which are typically found in more northern tropical areas.
Etymology
The Māori name is descended from Proto-Polynesian *kauquli, a name used to describe various dark-coloured trees in Polynesian languages, including Samoan ebony, or Diospyros samoensis.
Description
The young plant grows straight upwards and has the form of a narrow cone with branches going out along the length of the trunk. However, as it gains in height, the lowest branches are shed, preventing vines from climbing. By maturity, the top branches form an imposing crown that stands out over all other native trees, dominating the forest canopy.
The flaking bark of the kauri tree defends it from parasitic plants, and accumulates around the base of the trunk. On large trees it may pile up to a height of 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) or more. Kauri often form small clumps or patches scattered through mixed forests.
Kauri leaves are 3–7 centimetres (1.2–2.8 in) long and 1 centimetre (0.39 in) broad, tough and leathery in texture, with no midrib; they are arranged in opposite pairs or whorls of three on the stem. The seed cones are globose, 5–7 centimetres (2.0–2.8 in) diameter, and mature 18 to 20 months after pollination; the seed cones disintegrate at maturity to release winged seeds, which are then dispersed by the wind. A single tree produces both male and female seed cones. Fertilisation of the seeds occurs by pollination, which may be driven by the same or another tree's pollen.
Growth rate and age
In general over the lifetime of the tree the growth rate tends to increase, reach a maximum, then decline. A 1987 study measured mean annual diameter increments ranging from 1.5–4.6 millimetres (0.059–0.181 in) per year with an overall average of 2.3 millimetres (0.091 in) per year. This is equivalent to 8.7 annual rings per centimetre of core, said to be half the commonly quoted figure for growth rate. The same study found only a weak relationship between age and diameter. The growth of kauri in planted and second-growth natural forests has been reviewed and compared during the development of growth and yield models for the species. Kauri in planted forests were found to have up to 12 times the volume productivity than those in natural stands at the same age.
Individuals in the same 10 centimetres (3.9 in) diameter class may vary in age by 300 years, and the largest individual on any particular site is often not the oldest. Trees can normally live longer than 600 years. Many individuals probably exceed 1000 years, but there is no conclusive evidence that trees can exceed 2000 years in age. By combining tree ring samples from living kauri, wooden buildings, and preserved swamp wood, a dendrochronology has been created which reaches back 4,500 years, the longest tree ring record of past climate change in the southern hemisphere. One 1700 year old swamp wood kauri that dates to approximately 42,000 years ago contains fine-scale carbon-14 fluctuations in its rings that may be reflective of the most recent magnetic field flip of the earth.
분포-
원산지 오세아니아 (뉴질랜드). 원산지는 뉴질랜드의 북섬이다.
이용(도)- 수지는 내구력이 강하고 단단하여 광택제와 래커, 리놀륨 등을 만드는 데 쓰인다. 내구력이 강한 수지를 얻을 수 있어 광택제나 래커 등을 만드는 데 쓰인다. 나무에서 수지를 얻어 활용한다. 내구력이 강하고 단단한 이 수지는 ‘카우리 코펄’, ‘카우리 검’, ‘다마르’라고도 불리며, 광택제·래커·리놀륨을 만드는 데 사용된다. 카누를 만드는 데에도 쓰인다. 관상수로도 심는다.
Uses
Kauri gum at the Kauri Museum, Northland, New Zealand
Kauri wood was traditionally used to create large-scale waka by Māori, which could seat hundreds of people due to the size of the logs.
Although today its use is far more restricted, in the past the size and strength of kauri timber made it a popular wood for construction and ship building, particularly for masts of sailing ships because of its parallel grain and the absence of branches for much of its height. Kauri crown and stump wood was much appreciated for its beauty, and was sought after for ornamental wood panelling as well as high-end furniture. Although not as highly prized, the light colour of kauri trunk wood made it also well-suited for more utilitarian furniture construction, as well as for use in the fabrication of cisterns, barrels, bridge construction material, fences, moulds for metal forges, large rollers for the textile industry, railway sleepers and cross bracing for mines and tunnels. Kauri timber was so prevalent in early European settlements that Ferdinand von Hochstetter, when visiting Auckland in 1859, estimated that nearly every building, except those made of stone, had been constructed using kauri timber.
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries Kauri gum (semi-fossilised kauri resin) was a valuable commodity, particularly for varnish, spurring the development of a gum-digger industry.
Today, the kauri is being considered as a long-term carbon sink. This is because estimates of the total carbon content in living above ground biomass and dead biomass of mature kauri forest are the second highest of any forest type recorded anywhere in the world. The estimated total carbon capture is up to nearly 1000 tonnes per hectare. In this capacity, kauri are bettered only by mature Eucalyptus regnans forest, and are far higher than any tropical or boreal forest type yet recorded. It is also conjectured that the process of carbon capture does not reach equilibrium, which along with no need of direct maintenance, makes kauri forests a potentially attractive alternative to short rotation forestry options such as Pinus radiata.
참고문헌-한국 식물명의 유래(이우철 지음-2005, 일조각)