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번 호 : 730
제 목 : [Sylvia Plath] Daddy
글 쓴 이 : cheezelol
조 회 수 : 288
날 짜 : 2001/11/21 21:40:59
내 용 :
You
do not do, you do not do
Any more, black shoe
In which I have lived like a foot
For thirty years, poor and white,
Barely daring to breathe or Achoo.
Daddy,
I have had to kill you.
You died before I had time--
Marble-heavy, a bag full of God,
Ghastly statue with one grey toe
Big as a Frisco seal
And
a head in the freakish Atlantic
Where it pours bean green over blue
In the waters off beautiful Nauset.
I used to pray to recover you.
Ach, du
In
the German tongue, in the Polish town
Scraped flat by the roller
Of wars, wars, wars.
But the name of the town is common.
My Polack friend
Says
there are a dozen or two.
So I never could tell where you
Put your foot, your root,
I never could talk to you.
The tongue stuck in my jaw.
It
stuck in a barb wire snare.
Ich, ich, ich , ich,
I could hardly speak.
I thought every German was you.
And the language obscene
An
engine, an engine
Chuffing me off like a Jew.
A Jew to Dachau, Auschwitz, Belsen.
I began to talk like a Jew.
I think I may well be a Jew.
The
snows of the Tyrol, the clear beer of Vienna
Are not very pure or true.
With my gypsy ancestress and my weird luck
And my Taroc pack and my Taroc pack
I may be a bit of a Jew.
I
have always been scared of you,
With your Luftwaffe, your gobbledygoo.
And your neat moustache
And your Aryan eye, bright blue. Panzer-man, panzer-man, O You--
Not
God but a swastika
So black no sky could squeak through.
Every woman adores a Fascist,
The boot in the face, the brute
Brute heart of a brute like you.
You
stand at the blackboard, daddy,
In the picture I have of you,
A cleft in your chin instead of your foot
But no less a devil for that, no not
Any less the black man who
Bit
my pretty red heart in two.
I was ten when they buried you.
At twenty I tried to die
And get back, back, back to you.
I thought even the bones would do.
But
they pulled me out of the sack,
And they stuck me together with glue.
And then I knew what to do.
I made a model of you,
A man in black with a Meinkampf look
And
a love of the rack and the screw.
And I said I do, I do.
So daddy, I"m finally through.
The black telephone"s off at the root,
The voices just can"t worm through.
If
I"ve killed one man, I"ve killed two--
The vampire who said he was you
And drank my blood for a year,
Seven years, if you want to know.
Daddy, you can lie back now.
And the villagers never liked you.
They are dancing and stamping on you.
They always knew it was you.
Daddy, daddy, you bastard, I"m through.
Taken from this perspective, the Holocaust/victim analogy takes on a whole different slant. Rather than referring (exploitatively) to the personal sufferings of one individual woman, it can allegorically represent the mass, historical victimization of women by patriarchy, which has been well-documented (witch hysteria) and which continues (female circumscision) She says "every woman adores a Fascist in boots"--all women in some way participate (if only in their passivity, in refusing to reject the roles that society attempts to force upon them) in this social and cultural situation.
The child-voice of the poem can represent,on a deeper level, that innocence young girls lose as they become women and find themselves being "chuffed off like a Jew," often reluctantly or unknowingly, into the expected roles for women in marriage and childbearing---when fairy tale expectations of love crash into the reality of the Sisyphian tasks of dishes, cooking,cleaning,laundry, child care, when so many women have their dreams and identities erased under the daily grind of domesticity---a different sort of confinement, slavery, suppression, another and altogether different kind of death and destruction of the spirit. Remember Adlai Stevenson"s speech at Plath"s commencement?
I think that this poem is more than "voodoo." It explores the pain women feel in their various relations to and with men. It is the cry is an injured, abandoned daughter, but it also possesses the undersong cry of all women who have been abandoned emotionally or physically by the men they love. It is a personal rebellion against her father and Hughes, but it also rebels against society, against patriarchy, self-hatred, and women"s silence.
askcleetus@msn.com">Melissa Carl
York, USA
Monday, April 2, 2001,
The controversial Holocaust imagery can be directly linked to the period in which the poem was written. In 1961, the entire world was riveted by the Jerusalem trial of Nazi SS Lieutenant Colonel Adolph Eichmann (who was executed in 1962, a few months before "Daddy" was written). This was the first televised trial in history, and for most it was the first they had heard of Hitler’s "Final Solution." The anguished testimonies of camp survivors and the horrifying details that emerged about the cold bureaucratic extermination of six million European Jews caused a frenzy of reaction – it literally rocked the moral fiber of the world, and we’re still reeling (if more jaded). It was a subject on fire in the public imagination at the time. Plath’s appropriation of Holocaust imagery for her own ends, which strikes so many as grossly inappropriate, can perhaps be interpreted as stemming from that initial horrified zeitgeist. Perhaps she felt she was raising consciousness and expressing solidarity of a sort. Her remarks in her interview with Peter Orr about making her poetry "relevant" can be looked at from such an angle.
Of course, the other point of view is that she was stealing other people’s real tragedy and tacking it on to her own little psychic turbulence for shock value and good visceral punch to the reader’s gut. I think we must always keep in mind that Plath, to A. Alvarez, referred to this poem (and "Lady Lazarus", a piece even more riddled with Holocaust imagery) as "a bit of light verse." Was she being sarcastic? Reading Alvarez’s memoir, I think he felt she was quite serious. So what on earth does that tell us about this poet? I do think it implies a profound self-absorption and narcissism. "Chuffing me off like a Jew" -- the callousness of this poem, if one stops to think about it (and it’s very hard to do so while in the poem’s grip), is appalling. Its ramifications are endless where Plath is concerned.
As a socially "relevant" poem, "Daddy" is a failure. As a piece of literary voodoo, it is a resounding success. Is there any other poem in existence that consistently delivers the sensation of an active, malevolent hatred leaping off the page and grabbing the reader by the throat? Revenge, exorcism, voodoo, a hex . . . these are the words that come to my mind when reading "Daddy." Even the rhyme scheme, which many compare to a children’s nursery rhyme (and indeed Plath’s own "The Bed Book" seems to echo that oo oo oo effect throughout), suggests much more strongly a witch’s charm straight out of "Macbeth."
Extremism, hysteria, narcissism . . . perhaps. But this poem is seared into our literature, our culture, like a red hot brand. It will not go away. It will never be "through."
stewart.clarke@tmpexec.com">Stewart
Clarke
NYC,
USA
Friday, October 6, 2000
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"Daddy" is probably Plath’s most famous poem. The critic George Steiner has said that, "It is a poem by which future generations will seek to know us." He has also called it, "the Guernica of modern poetry." The violence of its imagery and tone, the references to concentration camps, torture and fascism certainly evoke Picasso’s most celebrated painting.
Plath claimed that in this poem she was adopting the persona of a girl with an Electra complex whose father had been a fascist, but while the poem is not completely autobiographical, it contains several obvious references to her own life. For example, here she refers to the picture of her father:
"You
stand at the blackboard, daddy,
In the picture I have of you"
This is a direct image of the actual photograph the Plaths possessed of Otto in front of his blackboard at the University. Similarly, the "man in black with a Meinkampf look" and the "vampire" who "drank my blood" for "seven years" is a reference to her perception of Hughes to whom she had been married for seven years when this poem was written.
But the poem is not completely autobiographical. Otto Plath had no connection whatsoever with Nazism, so the poet is moving between her own and the persona’s fictional life throughout the poem. This movement between her actual life and her character’s life creates, I feel, some of the problems the poem presents the reader with, which others may wish to discuss further. Some people might believe that it is wrong to appropriate the sufferings of the Jews during the Holocaust as an image for a relatively privileged, Gentile woman’s private, emotional suffering. Another issue is whether this is a love or a hate poem? It contains elements of both. A further difficulty is the apparent celebration of female masochism contained in the line:
"Every woman adores a fascist."
I find it interesting to compare this poem with "Colossus", an earlier poem written on her father and to relate some aspects of the poem to the legends/mythology of the Great Goddess.
In
"Colossus" the dead father was tended as an idol but in
"Daddy" he is metaphorically killed. Plath no longer seems possessed
by the desperate need for security and protection which permeated the earlier
poem. A comparison of the poems’ endings illustrate this point.
"Colossus" ends on a note of empty despair, and we have the sense of
the persona standing bereft and helpless before the memory of the dead:
"My
hours are married to a shadow
No longer do I listen for the scrape of a keel
On the blank stones of the landing."
In "Daddy" however, we have the sense of the persona in a triumphant, almost exalted state. This is reflected in the language which is no longer the traditional, restrained, poetic diction of the earlier poem but unstrained, slangy and free:
"Daddy, daddy, you bastard, I’m through."
In "Colossus" Plath remains in the classic, passive role of the female who mourns the dying god and sacrifices to the idol. She is still prostrating herself on the altar of masculinity and performing a traditional, feminine role.
In "Daddy", she breaks completely free from the victim position and from the power and influence of men. She appreciates what a victim she has been by referring to herself as a Jew, but transcends this by ceremonially killing her father and husband. This killing is not just an individual one, but is part of a ritual joined in by the whole community:
"
There’s a stake in your fat black heart
And the villagers never liked you.
They are dancing and stamping on you."
The sacrificial victims of ancient, Goddess worshipping cultures were invariably male. Males were considered to be more expendable than women who were more necessary for reproduction. The killing of the father and husband in "Daddy" can be seen as symbolic of this ancient rite and as Judith Kroll in "Chapters in a Mythology: The Poetry of Sylvia Plath" points out:
"Whenever exorcism, or attempted exorcism, of her father or his proxy occurs it is always as a preliminary to a rebirth which also entails the expulsion of her false self."
This same "false self" could be the one who earlier in the poem claims that all women are innately masochistic. One could write for a long time on "Daddy" - this is just to get us going!
elaine@hebdenbridge.co.uk">Elaine
Connell
Hebden
Bridge, UK
Monday, September 25, 2000
다른 읽을만한
에세이링크: http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/Studios/8984/daddy.htm
Daddy illustration
-- cheezelol