弱 약할,약 한자음은 인도에서 왔다.

[나비우스]

약할,약 弱

힌디어

अशक्त [ashakt] 

형용사 약한. 무력한.

a는 접두사 어근 shak

착-->삭

착--작

힘이 작다 키가 작다

착-->작(j의 반모음 성질 이으)-->약 

쟙<-->쟉 ㅂ<-->ㄱ 발음호환 

힌디어

दुबला [dubla:]  

형용사 야윈. 마른. 약한.

댭블 쟙할 약할

쟈브 쟈비 야비

요와이 일본어 약하다 

애빘다 경상도말에 있다. 야위었다.몸이 홀쭉.

얍-->야브-->야비-->야위 

산스크리트어

लघु

adj.

laghu

weak

l발음의 반모음적 성질 이으 

략-->냑-->약 

ऋहत्

adj.

Rhat

weak

Proto-Dravidian : *ǯabb-

Meaning : weak, ill

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

 

Eurasiatic: *ʒVbV ( ~ ǯ-)

Meaning: weak

Altaic: *ǯŭ̀jbe

 

Proto-Altaic: *ǯŭ̀jbe

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: weak, bad

Russian meaning: слабый, плохой

Turkic: *jubka

 

Proto-Turkic: *jubka

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: thin, slender, unsubstantial

Russian meaning: тонкий

Old Turkic: juqa (OUygh.), jujqa (Orkh.)

Karakhanid: jupqa, juvqa (MK), juvɣa (MK, KB)

Turkish: jufka

Tatar: juqa

Middle Turkic: jufqa (AH), juqa (Ettuhf.)

Uzbek: jupqa

Uighur: jupqa, juqa, župqa, žuqu

Sary-Yughur: juqa

Azerbaidzhan: juxa

Turkmen: jūqa

Khakassian: čuɣa

Shor: čoɣa

Oyrat: d́uqa

Chuvash: śüɣe

Tuva: čuɣa

Tofalar: čuɣa

Kirghiz: ǯupqa, ǯuqa

Kazakh: žuqa

Noghai: juqa

Bashkir: joqa

Balkar: žuqa

Gagauz: jufqa, jɨfqa

Karaim: juwɣa, jufqa

Karakalpak: žŭqa

Salar: joχba

Kumyk: juqqa

Comments: VEWT 209, TMN 4, 211-212, EDT 874, ЭСТЯ 4, 241-242.

Mongolian: *ǯoba-

 

Proto-Mongolian: *ǯoba-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to suffer

Russian meaning: страдать

Written Mongolian: ǯoba- (L 1065)

Middle Mongolian: ǯoubolaŋ `worry, agony' (HY 37), ǯuba (IM), ǯoba- (MA), ǯoba-, ǯibtura- (SH), ǯibtura- 'to be weak' (HYt)

Khalkha: ʒovo-

Buriat: zobo-

Kalmuck: zow-

Ordos: ǯowo-

Dagur: ǯowo-, ǯogo- (Тод. Даг. 144), ǯobe- (MD 179), ǯobčon 'suffering'

Shary-Yoghur: ǯōldǝ-

Monguor: ʒ́oGloŋ 'douleur, souffrance' (SM 89) (MGCD ǯobloŋ)

Comments: KW 476, MGCD 448, 449. Mong. > Oyr. jobo- etc. (ЭСТЯ 4, 38-39); > Manchu ǯobolon (Rozycki 124).

Tungus-Manchu: *ǯoba-

 

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *ǯoba-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to suffer, be poor

Russian meaning: страдать, бедствовать

Evenki: ǯowo- / ǯoɣo-

Even: ǯow- / ǯoɣ-

Negidal: ǯobo-

Spoken Manchu: ǯovǝ-, ǯovu- (1944)

Literary Manchu: ǯobo-

Jurchen: ǯo-bo-hun (844) 'grief, sorrow'

Ulcha: ǯobo-

Orok: ǯobbo-

Nanai: ǯobo-

Oroch: ǯobo-

Udighe: ǯō-

Solon: ǯowo-, ǯogo-

Comments: ТМС 1, 260-261.

Korean: *čubɨr-

 

Proto-Korean: *čubɨr-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to be hungry, famished

Russian meaning: быть голодным, истощенным

Modern Korean: čūri-

Middle Korean: čū'ɨ́rì-

Comments: Nam 434, KED 1496.

Japanese: *duàwà-

 

Proto-Japanese: *duàwà-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: weak

Russian meaning: слабый

Old Japanese: jwowa-

Middle Japanese: jòwà-

Tokyo: yowá-

Kyoto: yówà-

Kagoshima: yowá-

Comments: JLTT 845.

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 77, Rozycki 124. Tungus forms may be borrowed from Mong. (see Poppe 1966, 194, Doerfer MT 80). Medial *-j- has to be reconstructed, as in a number of other cases, to explain Mong. -b- (not -ɣ-) and Jpn. *-w- (not -p-); exceptional back vowel in Turkic may be also due to dissimilation with the medial *-j-. In Turkic one has to suppose a semantic development 'thin' < 'lean, weak' (the latter meaning is actually widely attested since the earliest texts).

Dravidian: *ǯabb-

 

Proto-South Dravidian: *ǯabb-

 

Proto-South Dravidian : *ǯabb-

Meaning : weak, sick

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : cappai

Tamil meaning : that which is weak, lean, emaciated, useless, despicable, mean

Tamil derivates : cavu (-pp-, -tt-) to become tired, become weak, emaciated, fail (as a crop), fall flat (as a crop), lose crispness; cavutam fatigue (as of mind), weakness, emaciation

Kannada : jabbala, jabbalu

Kannada meaning : state of being weak, infirm or frail from old age, that of being soft or pulpy as of a ripe fruit, that of being relaxed or slack as of female's breast

Kannada derivates : jabbu weakness, frailty, softness, pulpiness, relaxed state, slackness

Tulu : jabbu

Tulu meaning : hollow, empty within, not solid, old, infirm

Tulu derivates : jabbe an old man; jabbi, jabbu an old woman, a hag; jabulu slack

Number in DED : 2338

Proto-Telugu : *ǯabb- (*ʒ-)

 

Proto-Telugu : *ǯabb- (*ʒ-)

Meaning : illness, sickness, indisposition, weakness, backwardness, poorness, slowness, sluggishness; week, poor, bad, no good, inferior, defective, meagre, shabby, slow, sluggish, flat, dull

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : jabbu

Number in DED : 2338

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *sap-ur (?)

Notes : The Gondwan root may not belong here.