겨울
어차피 영어의 뿌리는 인도 산스크리트어 혹은 드라비다어 다.
한자발음 역시 여기서 나오고 알타이어 공통조어에서도 나온다.
겨울 winter
독일어의 winter의 w는 아직 v발음이 난다.
범어의 후손인 인도말이다.
인도계열의 언어
구자라트어 Vinṭara-->영어 winter의 어원이 된다.(마하트마 간디의 고향말)
글자가 한글이랑 유사하다.
칸나다어 Viṇṭar
텔루구어 Viṇṭar
힌디어 sardee
펀자브어 Viṭara
스페인어 Invierno
이탈리아어 Inverno
프랑스어 Hiver
라틴어 hiems
豉鹽 sirama 冬
발을 동동 구르다 얼마나 추웠으면 한자리에 잇지 못하고
발을 가만 안 놔둔다.
시리다 의 명사형
15세기 표기 슬히다 슬흠
시리다의 의미는 추워서 몸이 덜덜 떨리는 것이다.
Proto-IE: *srīg(')- 스르흐 스려-->시려
Meaning: frost, cold, to freeze
Old Greek: rhī̂gos n. `Frost, Kälte, Fieberschaer', pf. érrīga `friere, erstarre, schaudere', aor. rhīgē̂sai̯, ft. rhīgḗsō
Latin: frīgeō, -ēre, -xī `starr, kalt sein, frieren; matt, unwirksam sein, stocken', frīgus, -oris n. `Kälte, Frost, Schauer'
Russ. meaning: холод(ный), мерзнуть
ㅅ은 과거에 없었으므로 tirama
떨림 혹은 트어마-->츠어마-->추우마
활용 : 시리어[시리어/시리여](시려), 시리니
1 .
몸의 한 부분이 찬 기운으로 인해 추위를 느낄 정도로 차다.
코끝이 시리다.
발이 칼로 도려내듯 시렸다.
단풍은 이제부터 익기 시작하나 날씨는 어느덧 손이 시리다.
2 .
찬 것 따위가 닿아 통증이 있다.
찬물을 마셨더니 이가 시리다.
3 .
(주로 ‘눈’과 함께 쓰여) 빛이 강하여 바로 보기 어렵다.
눈이 시릴 정도로 아름다운 여인
어원 : ＜슬히다 ＜구급간이방언해(1489)＞
ㅎ은 r발음에서 나옴.
러시아어 겨울 지마 зима
ㅌ--->ㄷ-->ㅈ 발음변천과정
러시아어도 틈 혹은 뜸(춥다의 명사형)--->딤-->지므-->지마
ㄸ=ㅌ 과 같은데 러시아어도 ㅊ으로 변하지 않고
ㅌ-->ㄷ-->ㅈ 로 발음이 약화되었다.
Eurasiatic: *tVŋV
Meaning: cold
Altaic: *tuŋa
Uralic: *taŋke-ta
Dravidian: *taṇ-
Proto-Turkic: *doŋ
Meaning: 1 cold 2 frost 3 frozen 4 freeze, be frozen
Turkic: *doŋ
Mongolian: *daɣara-
Tungus-Manchu: *doŋota
알타이어 공통조어 *doŋ에서 한자발음을 차용한다.
추움을 뜻한다.
우리말 차다의 고대음은 타다
ㅌ-->ㅊ 으로 발음변천한다.
인도 드라비다어에는 우리말 흔적이 많이 있는데 찬을 아직 탄 이라고 말한다.
우리말은 변했고 드라비다어는 그대로 이어져 온 것이다.
Eurasiatic: *tVŋV 트븐~ 차븐 추븐 -->찹은 혹은 춥은
Proto-Altaic: *tuŋa
Nostratic: Nostratic
Eurasiatic: *tVŋV
Meaning: cold
Dravidian: *taṇ-
Proto-Dravidian : *taṇ-
Meaning : 1 cold 2 satisfied
Proto-South Dravidian: *taṇ
Proto-South Dravidian : *taṇ
Meaning : cold
Tamil : taṇ
Tamil meaning : cold, cool; grace, love
Tamil derivates : taṇuppu chilliness, cold; taṇṇīr, taṇṇi cold water, water; taṭpam cold, coolness, fanning cold and other acts necessary for cooling the body, love, mercy; taṇṇam coldness, coolness; taṇṇ-en_al expr. of (a) being cool, refreshing, (b) being merciful; taṇpu coldness, coolness; taṇmai id., calmness, gentleness, agreeableness; taṇal shade, shady spot; taṇi (-v-, -nt-) to be allayed, mitigated, appeased, soothed, abate, go out (fire); (-pp-, -tt-) to relieve, appease, satisfy, moderate, put out, extinguish; n. coolness, coldness; taṇivu abatement, etc.
Malayalam : taṇ
Malayalam meaning : cold
Malayalam derivates : taṇṇīr, taṇṇi cold water, drinking water; taṇukka to grow cold, be cool, be refreshed, assuaged; taṇuppu coldness, moisture, appeasing; taṇuppikka to cool, refresh; taṇuvu cold; taṇal shade, shady spot; taṇiyuka to grow cool, be subdued; taṇikka to cool, subdue, calm; taṇuvu, taṇma coldness
Kannada : taṇ
Kannada meaning : coolness, cold
Kannada derivates : taṇṇīr cold or cool water; taṇasu, taṇisu, taṇṇasa coldness, frigidity, cold, coolness, wetness; taṇi to grow cool, be refreshed, satisfied, calmed, appeased, be subdued, get feeble or fatigued; n. shame, modesty; taṇipu, taṇisu to satisfy, repress, appease; taṇivu satiety, satiation; taṇṇage, taṇṇane cool, cold, cooling, refreshing, in good health, happy, calm, finished (as work), extinguished (as a light); taṇṇitu, taṇṇittu that is cold, coldness; taṇpu coolness, a cooling, refreshing quality, happiness; tampu, tambu coolness, coldness, wetness, refreshing quality, satisfaction; taŋgaḷa, taŋgaḷu any cold food as rice, bread, etc., stale food; ? taḍi wet, damp, moistness; (Hav.) ceṇḍi wet
Kodagu : taṇi- (taṇiv-, taṇiñj-)
Kodagu meaning : (thing) becomes cold
Kodagu derivates : taṇɨ, taṇɨpɨ coolness; taṇṇane comfortably, without trouble (of living); taŋ-gūḷɨ rice cooked previous day
Tulu : taṇu, tanu
Tulu meaning : coolness, cold, quenching, appeasement
Tulu derivates : taṇṇīr cold water; taṇasụ, tanasụ wetness, dampness; wet; taṇipuni, tanipuni to cool, pacify, soothe, comfort; taṇiyuni, taniyuni to become cool, calm; taṇṇasụ, taṇṇi cold; tannena cold, cool; talmena, taṇṇana, taṇṇụmeṇa refreshment, revival, relief; tampu coolness, cold; cool, cold; taññana rice boiled in the preceding evening, stale food; caṇḍi wetness; wet, moist, humid; saniyuni to become cold, be cool, be softened; saṇipuni, sanipuni to cool, render cool, refresh, set at ease; sanipāvuni to make cold or cool, pacify, conciliate, comfort; sampu coolness, coldness, sufficiency, competency, plenty, abundance; cool, cold, refreshing, pleasant, mild, sufficient, plenty; coolly, gently; sampāvuni to become calm or cool; cammi dampness, moisture; (B-K) caṇḍru cold water
Number in DED : 3045
Proto-Telugu : *tan-
Proto-Telugu : *tan-
Meaning : to be satisfied or contented
Telugu : taniyu
Additional forms : Also taniyincu to satisfy; tanivi satisfaction, contentment; tanupu to satisfy; n. satisfaction, content, coolness
Number in DED : 3045
Meaning: cold, frost
Russian meaning: холод, мороз
Turkic: *doŋ
Proto-Turkic: *doŋ
Meaning: 1 cold 2 frost 3 frozen 4 freeze, be frozen
Russian meaning: 1 холодный 2 мороз 3 замерзший 4 замерзать
Old Turkic: toŋ- 4 (OUygh.)
Karakhanid: toŋ 2, 3 (MK)
Turkish: don 2
Tatar: tuŋ 2
Middle Turkic: toŋ- 4 (Pav. C.)
Uighur: toŋ- 4, toŋ 2, 3
Sary-Yughur: tot 1
Azerbaidzhan: don 2, don- 4
Turkmen: doŋ 3, doŋ- 4
Khakassian: tō-r- 4
Chuvash: tъʷm 2 'frost'
Yakut: toŋ- 4, toŋ 3
Dolgan: toŋ- 4, toŋ 3
Tuva: doŋ 3, doŋ- 4
Tofalar: doŋ 3, doŋ- 4
Kirghiz: toŋ 2, toŋ- 4
Comments: VEWT 488, EDT 513, 515, ЭСТЯ 3, 265-267, Лексика 17, Stachowski 226.
Mongolian: *daɣara-
Tungus-Manchu: *doŋota
Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *doŋota
Meaning: 1 cold, frost 2 to ice up, freeze
Russian meaning: 1 мороз 2 обледеневать, замерзать
Evenki: doŋoto 1
Negidal: doŋoto- 2
Ulcha: doqomdụ- 1
Orok: doGdo 'hoard of frozen fish'
Comments: ТМС 1, 216.
Meaning: "winter" | Query method: Match substring
Proto-IE: *g'heim-, *g'hyem-
Meaning: snow, frost, winter
Hittite: gim(a)- 'Winter' (Tischler 571)
Tokharian: A śärme, B śimpriye, śimpro (PT *śäm(ä)rāi-) 'winter' (Adams 630)
Old Indian: héman loc. adv. `in winter', hemantá- m. `winter'; himá- m. `cold, frost, snow', hímā f. `winter'
Avestan: zaēn- m., zǝmaka- m. 'Winterrsturm', zyɔ̄ (acc. zyąm, gen. zǝmō) 'Winter'
Other Iranian: NPers dai 'Winter' (< *gheimn̥)
Armenian: ʒiun, gen. ʒean `Schnee'
Old Greek: khéi̯ma n., khei̯mṓn, -ō̂nos m. `Winter; Winterwetter, Sturm'; dǘs-khimo- `stürmisch, schauerlich', khiṓn, -ónos f. `Schnee, Schneedecke, Schmelzschnee'; khímetlo-n `Frostbeule'
Latin: bīmus, trīmus, quadrīmus `zwei, drei, vier Jahre (Winter) alt, sich auf zwei (drei, vier ) Jahre erstreckend'; hiems, hiemis f. `Winter; Sturm; Jahr'
Celtic: MIr gam `Winter' (по sam `Sommer'), gemred `id.'; OCymr gaem, NCymr gauaf, OCorn goyf, Bret goan̄v; Gaul EN Giamillus
Albanian: dímër, gen. dímri, pl. dímre m. `winter'
Russ. meaning: снег, холод, зима
우리말 얼다 15세기에 ㅇ을 옛이응으로 표기
옛이응은 연구개음이다.
고로 과거엔 g음이 존재하는 것이다.
gela는 우리말 얼어 에 해당한다.
gelato 이탈리아 아이스크림 얼었다-->어원
Proto-IE: *gelǝ-
Meaning: cold
Old Greek: gelandrón = psükhón Hsch.
Slavic: *želdь
Latin: gelū, -ūs n.; gelus, -ūs m.; gelum, -ī n. `Eiskälte, Frost, Eis', gelidus, -a `eisig, vereist; eiskalt; frostig, starr'; gelāre `gefrieren machen, fegrieren (auch unpers.)'
Other Italic: Osk gelan = pákhnēn Steph. Byz.
Russ. meaning: холодный
Chinese: "冬" | Query method: Match substring
Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *tōŋ / *tōn (~ d-)
Meaning: winter, autumn
Chinese: 冬 *tūŋ winter.
Character: 冬
Modern (Beijing) reading: dōng
Preclassic Old Chinese: tūŋ
Classic Old Chinese: tūŋ
Western Han Chinese: tǝ̄uŋ
Eastern Han Chinese: tǝ̄uŋ
Early Postclassic Chinese: tǝ̄uŋ
Middle Postclassic Chinese: tǝ̄uŋ
Late Postclassic Chinese: tōŋ
Middle Chinese: toŋ
English meaning : winter
Russian meaning[s]: 1) зима; зимний; зимой; 2) 2-е число (в телеграммах)
Dialectal data: Dialectal data
Number: 134
Character: 冬
MC description : 通合一平東端
ZIHUI: 0392 2617
Beijing: tuŋ 11
Jinan: tuŋ 11
Xi'an: toŋ 11
Taiyuan: tuŋ 1
Hankou: toŋ 11
Chengdu: toŋ 11
Yangzhou: tɔuŋ 11
Suzhou: toŋ 11
Wenzhou: toŋ 11
Changsha: toŋ 11
Shuangfeng: taŋ 11; tǝn 11
Nanchang: tuŋ 11
Meixian: tuŋ 11
Guangzhou: tuŋ 11
Xiamen: tɔŋ 11
Chaozhou: taŋ 11
Fuzhou: tuŋ 11 (lit.); töyŋ 11
Shanghai: toŋ 1
Zhongyuan yinyun: tuŋ 1
Radical: 14
Four-angle index: 8873
Vietnamese reading: d_ông
Jianchuan Bai: tü̃4-
Dali Bai: tü5-
Shijing occurrences: 35.6_
Tibetan: ston autumn.
Kachin: ginthoŋ3 the dry season.
Comments: Here perhaps Tani *doŋ 'rain'. Cf. PAN *rendeŋ 'wet season, winter'.
찰 차다 chilly 시리다 시려 cold 의 어원은 인도 드라비다어
Proto-Dravidian : *ǯil-
Meaning : cold, chill
Proto-South Dravidian: *ǯil(l)-
Proto-South Dravidian : *ǯil(l)-
Meaning : chill, cold
Tamil : cilucilu (-pp-, -tt-), jilujilu
Tamil meaning : to feel chill, be cool
Tamil derivates : cilucil-en_al, jilujil-en_al onom. expr. of being cool; cill-iṭu, jill-iṭu to become chill; cill-en_al, jill-en_al onom. expr. of being very chill; jillu extreme cold (< Te.); jilu-jiluppu coolness
Kannada : jillu
Kannada meaning : the sensation produced by touching cold water
Number in DED : 2576
Proto-Telugu : *ǯill-
Proto-Telugu : *ǯill-
Meaning : to feel or be very cold or chill
Telugu : jillum-anu
Number in DED : 2576
Proto-Dravidian : *Kīr-
Meaning : to be cold
Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology
Eurasiatic: *ḳirV
Meaning: hoar-frost
Indo-European: *k'ersn-, *k'ersm-
Proto-IE: *k'ersn-, *k'ersm-
Meaning: frozen snow-crust, hoar-frost
Armenian: sarrn, gen. sarrin `Eis'
Russ. meaning: наст
Altaic: *k`i̯ā́rme ( ~ -i)
Proto-Altaic: *k`ĭrma ( ~ -u, -o)
Meaning: snow, hoar-frost
Russian meaning: снег, иней
Comments: A Western isogloss. The etymology belongs to R. A. Miller (Miller 1985b) and O. Mudrak (Мудрак Дисс. 193) and presupposes a cluster simplification in PTM: *xima- < *xirma( = Mong. kirma-G).
Uralic: *kerte (*kirte) (+ ObU *kīr)
Number: 293
Proto: *kerte (*kirte)
English meaning: thin snow or ice crust
German meaning: dünne Schnee-, Eiskruste
Finnish: kerte (gen. kertteen) 'dünne Kruste auf dem Schnee' ?; kirsi (gen. kirren) 'Frost in der Erde, Eisrinde' ( > Saam. gir'si -rs- (N), kir'sa (L) id.) ?
Estonian: kirs (gen. kirre, kirse) 'Eisschicht' ?
Khanty (Ostyak): kȧrtǝɣ (Trj.), kȧrtǝm (DN) 'dünne Eiskruste auf dem Schnee, dünne Schneekruste' ?
Kartvelian: ḳruχ-va 'cold'
Eskimo-Aleut: *qakru-ʁ-(na-)
Proto-Eskimo: *qakru-ʁ-(na-)
Meaning: frost
Russian meaning: иней
Comments: The connection to *qakǝru- 'to whiten, dawn' is quite problematic.
Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 279
Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *girgir-
Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *girgir-
Meaning : cold
Parji : girgira
Poya Gadba : girgira
Number in DED : 1568
Proto-Gondi-Kui : *kir-
Proto-Gondi-Kui : *kir-
Meaning : cold
Proto-Gondi : *kir-ŋ-
Proto-Gondi : *kir-ŋ-
Meaning : to be cold
Muria Gondi : kiriŋ-
Koya Gondi : kirŋg-
Maria Gondi (Mitchell) : kiḍāng-
Additional forms : Also Gondi_Ko (Su.) kirŋ- to become cool
Number in DED : 1568
Number in CVOTGD : 681
Proto-North Dravidian : *kīr
Proto-North-Dravidian : *kīr
Meaning : to be cold, feel cold
Kurukh : kīrnā
Number in DED : 1568
Notes : For SDR cf. also Muduva Tamil cirāvu, cirākkilayam "cold" (cir- can easily be < *kir-; the word, however, is not attested anywhere else in that subgroup; Mud. 118). Voicing may be expressive in PKG.
Proto-Dravidian : *kor_-
Meaning : cold
Proto-South Dravidian: *kor_-
Proto-South Dravidian : *kor_-
Meaning : cold
Kannada : kor_e, kor_i
Kannada meaning : to pierce (as cold)
Kannada derivates : kor_eta, kor_ata the piercing of cold (or with DEDR 1859)
Tulu : koraḷe
Tulu meaning : (B-K) cold
Proto-Nilgiri : *kor_-ǝv-
Proto-Nilgiri : *kor_-
Meaning : cold
Kota : korv- (kord-) "to be cold"
Toda : kwar_- (kwar_ɵ-) "to feel cold"
Additional forms : Also Kota kor, korv coldness; Toda kwar_ cold; kwar- (kwarɵ-) to be cold (in songs; ? < Badaga or Ko.)
Number in DED : 2168
Number in DED : 2168
Proto-Gondi-Kui : *kor- (*-r_-)
Proto-Gondi-Kui : *kor- (*-r_-)
Meaning : cold
Proto-Gondi : *kor- (*-r_-)
Proto-Gondi : *kor- (*-r_-)
Meaning : cold
Mandla Gondi (Phailbus) : kharrā "frost"
Maria Gondi (Lind) : karīng, koring
Number in DED : 2168
Number in CVOTGD : 995
떨다
활용 : 떨어, 떠니[떠ː니], 떠오[떠ː오]
명사형 떪
ㄹ이 탈락하고 떰 뜸
듬<-->등 비음호환
등-->동 (원순모음화)
트음-->츠음-->추움-->춤(춥다의 명사형)
트음-->듬-->등-->동(한자발음)
Proto-Altaic: *saŕi
Nostratic: Nostratic
Meaning: to get cold, freeze
Russian meaning: замерзать
Turkic: *sAŕak / *sArk-
Proto-Turkic: *sAŕak / *sArk-
Meaning: 1 to become numb 2 hoar-frost 3 cold wind
Russian meaning: 1 неметь, цепенеть 2 иней 3 холодный ветер
Karakhanid: sarq- 1, sarqɨm 2 (MK)
Turkish: (dial.) sazaq, sazaɣan 3
Azerbaidzhan: sazaG 3
Khakassian: sarnax 3 (Kach.)
Tuva: sarɣɨ- 'to nag, feel pain'
Kazakh: sazar- 1
Noghai: sazar- 'to be bored'
Comments: EDT 848, 849. Лексика 42, 43. Despite EDT 847, the basic meaning is not "weak downward movement with no force behind it": in fact we have here a confusion of several originally different roots (see *sark- 'overflow, drip'; *sal- 'put down, lower', with the derivative *salk- which has influenced the meaning of *sark- in some languages).
Mongolian: *ser-
Proto-Mongolian: *ser-
Meaning: cool, fresh
Russian meaning: прохладный, свежий
Written Mongolian: serigün (L 691)
Khalkha: serǖn
Buriat: heŕūn
Kalmuck: serǖn
Ordos: serǖn
Shary-Yoghur: sörǖn
Monguor: sarin (SM 328), sarǝŋ
Comments: KW 326, MGCD 601. Mong. *seriɣün 'fresh, cool' > Evk. serun, Man. serguwen etc. (see Doerfer MT 119, Rozycki 178); > Turk. serin, MTurk. serövün etc., see Лексика 16, ЭСТЯ 17; Yak. serīn, sörǖn, Dolg. herǖn, hörǖn (Kaɫ. MEJ 17, Stachowski 102).
Comments: A Turk.-Mong. isogloss. In Kor. and Jpn. the reflex of this root may have merged with *sĭ́lgù q. v. (cf. PKE 175).
관련 어휘
동사
떨다
1 .
물체가 작은 폭으로 빠르게 반복하여 흔들리다.
바람에 마른 잎이 떨고 있다.
종아리가 부르르 떤다.
문풍지 떠는 소리가 들린다.
2 .
매우 인색하여 좀스럽게 행동하다.
단돈 몇 푼을 가지고 그렇게 벌벌 떨면서 무슨 큰일을 하겠다는 거냐?
단돈 백 원에도 벌벌 떤다.
3 .
몹시 추워하거나 두려워하다.
우리 가족들은 한겨울에 보일러가 고장 나 떨면서 지냈다.
1 .
몸이나 몸의 일부를 빠르고 잦게 자꾸 흔들다.
손을 떨다
다리를 덜덜 떨다
오한으로 온몸을 바르르 떨다
2 .
목청 따위가 순조롭지 않게 울림을 심하게 일으키다.
3 .
(동작이나 성질을 나타내는 일부 명사 뒤에 쓰여) 그런 행동을 경망스럽게 자꾸 하다. 또는 그런 성질을 겉으로 나타내다.
능청을 떨다
부산을 떨다
방정을 떨다
다음검색
스크랩 원문 :
우리말로 외국어어원 풀기