문법공식

[meca]

 

1. 수의 일치

 1) 주어와 동사가 멀리 떨어져 있는 경우

   point) 주어 +   (전치사 + 명사)                        +  동사(수일치)

                   to 동사

                   관계 대명사절(who~, which, that ~)   

                   관계 부사절(where, when, why~, how~)

                   , 동격어구 ,

                   , ing ~ ,

                   , p.p ~ ,

   ex) The people who live on the desert (move/moves) about a great deal.

       The fact that everyone knows, eventually thought it isn't opened by

      many non-government groups, (means/mean) justice.

  <연습문제>

  1. The price of candles in many stores (has/have) doubled.

  2. The easiest thing to recycle (is/are) probably paper.

  3. The rules that people keep in their own country (varies/vary) from culture

    to culture.   

  4. James Bond, the hero in the movies, (becomes/become) popular.

  5. The students shown pictures of the space (was/were) interested in the

    galaxy.

 2) 주격 관계대명사 뒤에 나오는 동사는 선행사에 수 일치

   point) ~ 명사 + that/who/which + 동사 ~

   ex) They are dealing with the toy that (is/are) like part of the family.

     We know the man who (speak/speaks) English well.

  <연습문제>

  1. Jerry works for a company that (makes/make) computers.

  2. The company needs some people who (has/have) the vision of their

    future.

  3. English spellings have considerable differences which (makes/make) it

   difficult to read words.

3) 동명사/부정사가 주어인 경우 단수 취급

    point) Ing ~             

          To ~

          What ~                V(단수동사)

          Whether ~

          That ~ 

    ex) Eating dinner with family also (helps/help) to improve regular eating

       habit.

        Waiting for a long time (has/have) been a mistake.

        To analyze the data (is/are) the most important mission.

        What I should do (is/are) the first choice.

        Whether he has a degree (is/are) very important.

        That human beings can think (is/are) another matter.

  <연습 문제>

   1. Mending my chair (is/are) very difficult assignment.

   2. To misuse the drugs illegally (affects/affect) our good health.

   3. Whether he will give up (is/are) not known.

4) The number of + 단수 동사                      A number of + 복수 동사

   The + 형용사 = 형용사 + people + 복수 동사

 ex) A number of listening tests (contain/contains) short statements in the

   form of instructions or dictations.

     The number of people who have visited these temples (is/are)

   decreasing.

     A number of students in our school (has/have) been to the new

   amusement park.

     The rich (is/are) not always happy.

  <연습 문제>

   1. The number of extinct species (is/are) increasing rapidly.

   2. A number of ways to learn (was/were) presented through her lecture.

   3. The young living in big city (goes/go) crazy about the extreme-sports.

5) 주어가 접속사로 연결된 경우 수 일치

  point) A or B

        either A or B

        neither A nor B                            + 동사(B에 일치)

        not A but B

        not only A but also B(= B as well as A)

  ex) Either the students or the teacher (has/have) your book.

      (Do/Does) either the students or the teacher have your book?

      Not only the mice but also the cat (wants/want) to live peacefully.

      The mice as well as the cat (survives/survive) the accident.

  <연습문제>

   1. My friend or her children (is/are) in his car.

   2. An eraser as well as pencils (was/were) given to me before the test.

   3. Neither John nor his parents (is/are) at home.

6) 주어와 동사가 도치된 문장에서의 수 일치

  point)  부정부사(never, little, hardly, scarcely      + 동사(수일치)  + 주어

                  seldom, not only, no sooner)

          유도 부사 There

          전치사구 (전치사 + 명사)

          So + 형용사/부사

  ex) Never (has/have) he seen a beautiful woman like Piona. 

      Little (does/do) he imagine that he will pass the exam.

      There (is/are) some evidences that the suspect cannot escape.

      Among the apples (was/were) the blue one thrown away.

      So important (is/are) the problems that we can't miss them.

  <연습 문제>

   1. Seldom (has/have) she seen such brutality.

   2. There (is/are) a number of books to read.

   3. Among the trees (is/are) the very special tree that I planted for myself.

   4. So innocent (is/are) the man that everyone likes him.

7) 부분을 나타내는 것은 of 뒤에 쓰인 명사에 수 일치

  point) some of               

        most of

        the rest of                + 복수 명사/단수 명사

        half of

        분수 of

        percent of

   ex) Half of Korean people (likes/like) the soap opera.

       The rest of the apple (was/were) rotten.

       The rest of the apples (was/were) rotten.

       About three-fifths of the houses (is/are) reconstructed.

       40 percent of the book (was/were) written by students.

   <연습 문제>

    1. Most of the men (was/were) injured in the accident.

    2. 20 percent of the onion (was/were) used for appetizer.

    3. One forth of the students (is/are) going to college.

심화 연습 문제 1

A. 둘 중 문법상 옳은 것을 고르시오.

 1. Eating honey for many thousands of years (is/are) a kind of evidence.

 2. A groups of bees, called a colony, (uses/use) smell to protect itself from

  other bees.

 3. There (is/are) plenty of evidence to support this idea.

 4. Elephants have an essential and unique trunk that (serves/serve) many

  purposes.

 5. Houses in hot countries (has/have) many features that (is/are) different

  from houses in could countries.

 6. There (seems/seem) to be no limit to the number of ideas for new world.

 7. Either you or he (is/are) known to the children.

 8. The rest of the children (is/are) in the ground.

 9. Part A in the last section divided into two parts (consists/consist) of

  identifying sentence error.

 10. No one knows the number of the population that (has/have) been

  remarkably increasing.

B. 문법상 잘못된 것을 고르시오.

 1. Each canoe 1)takes about 18 months to make. Girls as well as boys 2)live together for periods of days, weeks, or months. Most of the islanders 3)has no idea when they were born or how old they are.

 2. The remote location where many products have to be imported also 1)have severe winter. But the few tourists who 2)do put up with these difficulties 3)are warmly welcomed by the Islanders.

 3. The two people of Belgium - the Wallons and the Flemish - 1)is divided by langage, culture, and economics. Hotels in Brussels 2)are expensive, so most young travelers 3)stay in youth hostels or students hotels.

 4. That is because she is a woman that 1)thinks herself as a fat girl, dreams a romantic love, 2)expresses herself without any lies, loves the money and always 3)look forward to achieving her own dreams.

 5. The great inventions of Thomas A. Edison 1)were the fruits of long and painstaking effort. "Genius 2)is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration," 3)were the way he explained his success.

<정답표>

심화 연습문제

B  1. has -> have    2. have -> has    3. is divided -> are divided

   4. look -> looks   5. were -> was

2. 부정사

1) to 부정사를 목적어로 취하는 동사 확인

   point) afford, agree, attempt, appear, decide, happen, hope

        learn, manage, promise, plan, refuse, seem, intend, want + to 동/원

  ex) We decided (to go/going) out because of good weather.

      They agreed (lending/to lend) me some money.

      We planned (going/to go) to the Gold museum.

      We can't afford (buying/to buy) the sports car.

      They refused (obeying/to obey) the school regulations.

  <연습문제>

   1. I refuse (meeting/to meet) such a liar.

   2. It was late, so we decided (talking/to take) a taxi home.

   3. Fortunately, I happened (sitting/to sit) by a handsome boy in the train.

   4. My father promised (giving/to give) me a costly digital camera.

2) to 부정사를 목적보어로 취하는 동사

   point) 주어 + 동사(ask, allow, advise, cause + 목적어 + to 동/원 ~ .

                     enable, encourage, expect

                     force, forbid, get, invite, order

                     permit, persuade, teach, tell, warn)

   ex) Encourage your daughter (join/to join) sports clubs at school.

       I told Tom (help/to help) me.

  <연습문제>

   1. I wouldn't advise you (stay/to stay) at the inn.

   2. The heavy traffic caused us (be/to be) late for the appointment.

   3. The extra money enabled the couple (stay/to stay) longer in the hotel.

   4. The university doesn't allow students (bring/to bring) food into the

     classrooms.

3) 원형 부정사를 목적보어로 취하는 동사

   point)

   주어 + 지각(see/watch/smell/taste/hear/feel/notice) + 목적어(능동의 의미) + 동/원

        + get + 목적어 + to 동/원

       + 사역(let/make/have) + 목적어(수동의 의미) + p.p

   주어 + be + 지각/사역동사의 p.p + to 동/원              

  ex) There is no one to make you (do/to do) your assignment.

      She wouldn't let me (read/to read) the letter.

      She wouldn't get me (read/to read) the letter.

      I hear her (open/to open) the door.

      He made me (do/to do) the work.

      = I was made (to do/do) the work by him.

  <연습 문제>

   1. Tom let me (drive/to drive) his car yesterday.

   2. I watched him (steal/to steal) the design.

   3. Her children were made (go out/to go out) at night.

4) to 부정사의 행위 주체인 의미상 주어 확인

  point) 주어 + 동사 + 목적어 + to 동/원

        주어 + 동사 + (형용사) + for 목적격 + to 동/원

        주어 + 동사 + 사람의 성격 형용사 + of + 목적격 + to 동/원

  ex) It is difficult (for/of) him to cross the bridge alone.

      I told my son (to help/helping) the work.

      It takes four hours for him (to finish/finish) the work.

      It is impossible for children (to deal/deal) with the social problems.

      It was kind (of/for) you to help me.

 <연습 문제>

  1. The boss ordered (X/for) some employees to quit the job.

  2. It is essential (X/for) them to recycle the used plastic bottles.

  3. It was very rude (for/of) him to refuse her invitation.

  4. It's unusual (for/of) him to be so careless.

5) to 부정사의 시제

   point) 주어 + 동사 + to 동/원(앞에 동사와 시제 일치)

          주어 + 동사 + to have p.p(앞에 동사보다 시제가 앞섬)

  ex) I think him (to be/to have been) a fool before.

      She seems to be rich = It seems that she (is/was) rich.

      She seems to have been rich = It seems that he (is/was) rich.

      She seemed to be rich = It seemed that she (was/had been) rich.

      She seemed to have been rich = It seemed that she (was/had been) rich.

  <연습 문제>

   1. He seems (to be/to have been) a policeman now.

   2. He seems (to be/to have been) a policeman three years ago.

   3. He is happy (to finish/to have finished) his homework yesterday.

6) to 부정사의 능동/수동

   point) 능동 : 주어가 ~하는 경우  => 주어 + 동사 + to 동/원

                                                    + to have p.p

                목적어가 ~하는 경우 => 주어 + 동사 + 목적어 + to 동/원 

                                                              + to have p.p

          수동 : 주어가 ~되어지는 경우 => 주어 + 동사 + to be p.p

                                                       + to have been p.p

                목적어가 ~되어지는 경우 => 주어 + 동사 + 목적어 + to be p.p

                                                            + to have been p.p

   ex) I wanted the project (to finish/to be finished) by this morning.

       She expects (to elect/to be elected) as prime minister of Japan.

       The thief forced the money (to hand over/to be handed over).

   <연습 문제>

    1. The basement needs (to paint/to be painted).

    2. I want my money (to give/to be given) within a week.

    3. The house appears (to repair/to be repaired) at once.

7) to부정사를 대신하는 가주어, 가목적어

   point) To ~ + 동사 + 형용사/명사

        = It + be + 형용사/명사 + to 동/원

         주어 + 동사 + to 동/원 ~ + 형용사/명사

        = 주어 + 동사 + it + 형용사/명사 + to 동/원

   ex) It is impossible for us (imagine/to imagine) life without computers.

       To be a good person is hard = It is hard (be/to be) a good person.

       I found it difficult (ride/to ride) a horse.

 <연습 문제>

  1. Someone says that (read/to read) books rapidly is related to one's IQ.

  2. It is not a good way (follow/to follow) his order.

  3. I think (X/it) difficult to master English in one or two years.

  4. He made (X/it) a rule to wake up at 6 o'clock every morning.

8) to 부정사의 관용적 표현들

   point)

          be about to V : 막 ~하려 하다.

          be apt to V : ~하는 경향이 있다.

          be free to V : 자유로이 ~하다.

          be likely to V : ~할 것 같다.

          be ready to V : ~할 준비가 되어 있다.

          be sure to V : 반드시 ~하다.

          be willing to V : 기꺼이 ~하다.

          cannot but V = cannot help + ing : ~하지 않을 수 없다.

          enough to V : ~할 정도로 충분히 ~한

          had better V : ~하는 것이 더 낫다.

          have no choice but to V : ~하지 않을 수 없다.

          in order to V, so as to V : ~하기 위해

          so ~ as to V : 매우 ~해서 ~하다.

          to be frank with you : 솔직히 말하면

          to make matters worse : 설상가상으로

          too ~ to V : 너무 ~해서 ~할 수 없다.

          used to V : ~하곤 했다.

          Why not V? : ~하는게 어때?

          would rather V : 오히려 ~하고 싶다.

   ex) A choice of works from the mainstream repertory is likely to

     (surprise/surprising) people.

  <연습 문제>

   1. I am anxious (knowing/to know) the result of the test.

   2. To be frank with you, we cannot but (permitting/permit) their entrance.

   3. She had better (pulling over/pull over) her car.

<심화 연습 문제>

A. 둘 중 문법상 옳은 것을 고르시오.

 1. He was reported to (be/have been) killed in the war.

 2. I expect (to make/making) an appointment with him.

 3. I asked Jack (fixing/to fix) my car.

 4. She opened the front door (for/of) him to go out.

 5. We found it easy (swim/to swim) across the river.

 6. A policeman ordered me (stop/to stop) the car.

 7. It's a pity (for/of) you to fail to see the scenery.

 8. She didn't allow herself (to kiss/to be kissed) by him.

 9. I am sorry not (to answer/to have answered) your letter then.

 10. It is necessary for them (maintain/to maintain) the auditorium.

 11. I had to find a job in order (to pay/paying) for my necessities.

 12. It is very easy (to get/get) lost if you leave the main streets.

 13. He produced the software that made all the students (access/to access)

    the system.

 14. Hearing her (speak/to speak) English, you may think she is a native

    speaker.

B. 문법 상 잘못된 것을 고르시오.

 1. People who start young 1)tend to become heavy smokers. And you're still

  young. The younger you are, the easier it is 2)to quit. Because it takes

  years 3)to be developed a real cigarette habit.

 2. There is no more room for garbage dumps. It is not possible 1)burn

  garbage, because that pollutes the air. The easiest things to recycle 2)are

  probably glass and paper. Special trucks take them away and 3)bring them

  to private companies.

 3. The doors 1)were just about to close on my underground train when I

  saw a pigeon 2)to hop in. The tourists wanted to feed it with crops, but

  the bird wasn't interested. It appeared 3)to know where it was going and

  as soon as the doors opened at the next station, it flew out.

 4. Civilization is a product of adversity. The great civilization of all time

  seems 1)to have arisen where nature made production possible only a part

  of the year, and thus made it necessary 2)for man to work and save up for

  the time when he could not produce. Man doesn't naturally like to work

  steadily, and if nature enables him 3)from avoiding it, he usually seems

  content to loaf rather than labor and progress.

<정답표>

B. 1. to be developed -> to develop     2. burn -> to burn

   3. to hop in -> hop in                4. from avoiding -> to avoid

3. 동명사

1) 동명사를 목적어로 취하는 동사와 to 부정사를 목적어로 취하는 동사 구분

   point) 주어 + 동사 + ing

         (mind, avoid, admit, consider, deny, enjoy, finish, give up, quit 등)

          주어 + 동사 + to 동/원

         (afford, agree, attempt, appear, happen, manage, promise, plan,

          seem, intend, refuse 등)

   ex) Young people enjoy (to be/being) with their friends in large open

      places.

       They are considering (to buy/buying) a bigger house.

       What time do you expect (to arrive/arriving) at Chicago?

  <연습 문제>

   1. Would you mind (to come/coming) earlier next time?

   2. He suggested (to take/taking) the children to the zoo.

   3. I can't help (reconsider/reconsidering) what happiness is.

   4. You must try to avoid (to hurt/hurting) people's feelings.

   5. We risked (to lose/losing) a lot of money in this venture; Why risk your

     life?

2) to 부정사와 ing를 다 취할 때의 의미 차이 구별

   point) remember/forget + to V : (미래) ~할 것을 기억하다/잊다.

                          + ing : (과거) ~했던 것을 기억하다/잊었다.

         regret + to V : ~하게 되어 유감이다.

                + ing : ~했던 것을 후회하다.

         try + to V : ~하기 위해 노력하다.

            + ing : 시험삼아 ~해보다.

         stop + to V : ~하기 위하여 멈추다.

              + ing : ~하던 것을 멈추다.

   ex) I remember (to meet/meeting) the man the other day.

       I remember to tell him the story. (이야기할 것을 기억한다)

       I remember telling him the story. (이야기했던 것을 기억하다)

       I regret to inform you that your contract will not be renewed.

        (계약이 재갱신되지 못한 것을 알리게 되어 유감이다)

       She deeply regretted losing her temper.

         (이성을 잃었던 것을 깊이 후회한다)

       I tried to talk to him, but he was too busy.

       I tried talking to him, but he wouldn't change his mind.

       We stopped to take a break.

       We stopped taking a break.

  <연습 문제>

   1. I have always regretted not (to have/having) studied harder at school.

   2. You have no time. You should stop (to talk/talking) and leave for the

     destination.

   3. I should have had a brainstorm - I went shopping and forgot (to

     take/taking) any money.

3) 전치사 + ing 확인

  point) by + ing : ~함으로써,   in + ing : ~할 때   on + ing : ~하자마자

        without + ing : ~없이

        look forward to + ing : ~하기를 기대하다.

        be(get) used(accustomed) to + ing : ~에 익숙하다.

        when it comes to + ing : ~에 관하여

        object to + ing : ~에 반대하다.

        contribute to + ing : ~에 공헌하다.

  ex) I'm looking forward to (hear/hearing) from her.

      He succeeded in (to solve/solving) the problem.

      She earns her living by (to sell/selling) insurance.

 <연습 문제>

  1. Jake is not good at (to solve/solving) the mathematical problems.

  2. Greg is nervous about (to meet/meeting) his girlfriend's parents for the

    first time.

  3. I came to Paris with a view to (study/studying) painting.

  4. He contributed to (improve/improving) environment in his office.

  5. He didn't get used to (make/making) friends in his school.

4) 동명사가 주어로 쓰이는 경우

 point) Ing + ~ 단수형 동사 ~

  ex) (Create/Creating) the electrical energy also creates environmental

     problems.

      (Eat/Eating) small amounts of lead can cause lead poisoning.

      (Keep/Keeping) early hours is a very important factor.

      Taking a bath in water whose temperature ranges 35C and 36C

     (help/helps) calm you down when you are feeling nervous.

 <연습 문제>

  1. (Use/Using) soap and (rub/rubbing) hands helps remove germs.

  2. (Answer/Answering) this question in an unexpected way is the essential

   creative act.

  3. Having good friends (is/are) an important matter in living our life.

  4. Making a lot of mistakes (cause/causes) you to be fired by your boss.

5) 동명사와 일반 명사 구별

  point) 동명사 + 명사 : choosing a job

         명사 + 전치사 + 명사 : the choice of a job

  ex) Scientists go beyond simply (discovery/discovering) facts.

      (Educating/Education) of students is an important factor.

      (Analyzing/analysis) information is impossible without exact materials.

 <연습 문제>

  1. She makes her living by writing (X/of) novels constantly.

  2. She makes her living by the constant writing (X/of) novels.

  3. Our company is developing by the construction (X/of) many branches.

  4. Our company is developing by constructing (X/of) many branches.

<심화 연습 문제>

A. 둘 중 적합한 것을 고르시오.

 1. British Airways regrets (to announce/announcing) the cancellation of flight

  BA205 to Madrid.

 2. The doctor will also need to know how old the patient is and whether he

  has vomited after (to eat/eating) the plant.

 3. At first I couldn't stand cold water. But now I'm getting used to

  (take/taking) a shower with it.

 4. Prosecutors objected to (review/reviewing) all the rulings, but a new judge

  agreed to reconsider them.

 5. A budget is a working plan for (allocated/allocating) the family finances

  during the year.

 6. Purchasing designer goods (enables/enable) people to hide behind an

  image created by someone else.

 7. Calling on the telephone if one is going to be more than a few minutes

  late for scheduled appointed (are/is) considered polite and is often

  expected.

 8. People have always been interested in (analysis/analyzing) dreams.

 9. (Have/Having) a driver's license makes it easy for teenagers to go out to

  parties, movies, and malls.

 10. Teaching good manners (is/are) one of the greatest gifts you can give

  your children to adapt to society.

 11. Stop (to plan/planning) for tomorrow. You should plan to make today the

  best day of my life.

B. 문법 상 잘못된 것을 고르시오.

 1. I learned to drive when I was sixteen. I remember 1)to be very happy

 when I first got my license. In fact, my friends and family even celebrated

 my passing the road test. But my parents warned me 2)not to take this new

 responsibility lightly. In order to instill a sense of responsibility, they made

 me 3)pay my own car insurance from the start.

2. Some of drivers object to 1)wearing seatbelts. Seatbelts save lives and 2)help prevent serious injuries. It is irresponsible not to use them. We need stricter laws and the enforcements of those laws, which will make people behave more carefully on the road, and that, in turn, will result in 3)save lives. It's time to make our roads safer.

<정답표>

B.  1. to be -> being      2. save lives -> saving lives

4. 분사/분사 구문

1) 명사를 수식하는 분사의 의미상 주어

   point) ing + 명사 + ing : 능동의 의미(명사가 ~하다)

         p.p + 명사 + p.p : 수동의 의미(명사가 ~되다)

  ex) They wanted cats to kill the rats (eating/eaten) their food supplies.

      I saw the window (broken/breaking) by someone.

      The boy (stealing/stolen) flowers from my garden.

      The kitchen (painting/painted) with white.

  <연습 문제>

   1. The government has began calling the (recycled/recycling) water

     "NEWater".

   2. A black cat (crossing/crossed) your path is a sign of bad luck to

     come.

   3. The materials (making/made) of plastic fivers are cheap and easy to

     make.

   4. One of the most important weapons (using/used) during the Second

     World War was not a weapon against people, but a drug causing

     disease.

5. 5형식 문장에서 분사의 의미상 주어

 point) 주어 + 동사 + 목적어 + ing : 목적어가 ~하다(능동)

             + 동사 + 목적어 + p.p : 목적어가 ~당하다(수동)

  ex) I heard my name (calling/called) by someone.

      I saw her (beating/beaten) a boy.

      I saw her (beating/beaten) by a boy.

      He kept his students (doing/done) the project.

      He kept the horse (tying/tied) to a tree.

 <연습 문제>

  1. We felt someone (touching/touched) on my shoulder.

  2. My sister made the report (finishing/finished) on time.

  3. You must have the package (deliver/delivered) by tomorrow.

  4. We found the key (hiding/hidden) under the table.

  5. They heard the old man (telling/told) a story to his grandson.

6. 분사구문에서의 의미상 주어

 point) ing ~ , 주어 + 동사 ~ : ~가 ~하다(능동)

       p.p ~, 주어 + 동사 ~ : ~가 되다(수동)

 ex) (Hearing/Heard) his voice on the telephone, I noticed right away who

    was calling me.

    (Asking/Asked) the many questions, the reporter interviewed the man.

    = When he asked the many questions, the reporter interviewed the man.

    (Asking/Asked) why he chose the job, the man replied "I just like it."

    = When he was asked why he chose the job, the man replied "I just like

      it."

    (Living/Lived) in the country, I am very healthy.

    (Writing/Written) in haste, the book has many faults.

 <연습 문제>

  1. (Entering/Entered) the shop, I looked around and bought many clothes.

  2. (Bringing/Brought) up independently, James can decide and do things on

    his own.

  3. All things (considering/considered), he is the best man for the job.

7. 접속사 있는 분사구문

 point) 접속사(when, while, though, if, as등) + ing ~, 주어 + 동사 ~  : 능동

       접속사(when, while, though, if, as등) + p.p ~, 주어 + 동사 ~  : 수동

  ex) When (asking/asked) why the species became extinct, he explained that

     the pesticides polluted the water.

      Though (loving/loved) him, I won't marry him.

      If (using/used) properly, the nuclear energy can be of great help.

 <연습 문제>

  1. Once (learning/learned) a language, we cannot easily forget it.

  2. If (doing/done) properly, a handshake gives the impression of strength

   and honesty.

  3. When (asking/asked) to define jazz, he replied, "When you've got to ask

   what it is, you'll never get to know."

8. 감정 동사의 경우, 의미상 주어 확인

 point) 주어 + 감정동사 ing : 능동

        주어 + 감정동사 p.p : 수동

      amaze : 놀라게 하다.     annoy : 화나게 하다.    confuse : 혼란시키다.

      depress : 우울하게 하다.   embarrass : 당황하게 하다.  

      excite : 흥분시키다.    worry : 걱정시키다.       frighten : 놀라게 하다.

      interest : 재미있게 하다.    irritate : 짜증나게 하다. 

      please : 즐겁게 하다.       satisfy : 만족시키다.    shock : 놀라게 하다.

 ex) She was (amazing/amazed) when I told her about the accident.

     The news was very (surprised/surprising) us.

     Many people were very (surprised/surprising) at the news.

     the boring speaker : 남을 지루하게 하는 연설자

     the bored audience : 지루하게 된 청중

 <연습 문제>

  1. Mary gave me an (amazing/amazed) present for my birthday.

  2. The (frightened/frightening) passengers rushed out of the bus suddenly.

  3. He was so (confusing/confused) that he couldn't concentrate on the

    work.

  4. Living in a foreign country can be more (exciting/excited) than you might

    imagine.

9. 분사 구문의 시제

  point) Ing + ~ , 주어 + 동사 ~ (시제가 같음)

        Having + p.p ~ , 주어 + 동사 (시제가 앞섬)

   ex) (Meeting/Having met) him before, I recognized him at once.

      (Lying/Having lied) on the grass, he looked straight up into the sky.

      (Having failed/Failing) then, William doesn't want to try now.

 <연습 문제>

  1. (Traveling/Having traveled) a lot, she felt that there were many things to

   learn.

  2. (Seeing/Having seen) the film twice, I don't want to go to the movies.

  3. (Living/Having lived) here three years ago, I am familiar with this place.

10. 분사와 분사구문 관련 key points

  point) 한 문장에서 주 동사는 하나임

        주어 + 동사 ~ , ing ~ .

        주어 + ing ~, 주어 + 동사 ~

  ex) The sound of the water (runs/running) under the bridge always my

     attention.

      One thing (makes/making) education possible for the blind is the

     development of tools with which they can read.

      A stranger came up, and (asked/asking) me the way to the library.

      A stranger came up, (asking/asked) me the way to the library.

  <연습 문제>

  1. Passengers (got/getting) on the train got angry at the delay of departure.

  2. The man, (regards/regarded) as the greatest scientists, is of a great help

   to human beings.

  3. Gentlemen hold a door open, (allowing/allowed) the lady to enter or exit

   first.

11. with + 명사 + 분사/기타표현

  point) with + 명사 + ing : ~한 채로(능동)

        with + 명사 + p.p : ~된 채로(수동)

        분사구문 부정 : Not + ing ~, ~

        형용사로 시작하는 분사구문 : being/having been 생략

   ex) Vancouver is an active city with citizens (enjoying/enjoyed) many

      sports.

       He was walking with his dog (following/followed) him.

       He was walking with his dog (following/followed) by him.

       (Not knowing/Knowing not) her address, I cannot write to her.

       (Being) unable to prove his innocence, Silas was sent to a prison.

  <연습 문제>

   1. He was at a loss with all his money (stealing/stolen).

   2. We closed our shop with night (coming/come) on.

   3. (Not wanting/Wanting not) him to come, I didn't invite him.

<심화 연습 문제>

A. 둘 중 적합한 하나를 고르시오.

 1. In animal kingdom, there are quite a few (amazing/amazed) mysteries

  we are unable to explain in our present of knowledge.

 2. It is (amazing/amazed) to see the variety of fish and plant life that exists

  underwater.

 3. Another problem (causing/caused) by the dangerous rays is that we

  running short of food.

 4. After (taking/taken) some college courses, he worked as an architectural

  draftsman and went to school at night.

 5. One evening, (impressed/impressing) by a delicious meat dish my wife

  had prepared, I asked, "What kind of spice did you see?"

 6. The magician ended his act with a deep bow, and the audience went

  wild, (clapping/clapped) loudly.

 7. (Uncontrolling/Uncontrolled),the forces of nature may be dangerous and

  destructive, but once (mastering/mastered) they can be bent to man's will

  and desire.

 8. (Situating/Situated) at an elevation of 1350m, the city of Dathmandu,

  which looks out on the sparkling Himalayas, enjoys a warm year-round that

  makes living here pleasant.

 9. This small city, (located/locating) in the center of Hale County, was the

  result of an interesting compromise between two rival villages, Hale City

  and Epworth.

 10. A man went into a new fruit shop in New York. He picked some

  oranges but he was (shocked/shocking) when the shop assistant asked him

  for $19.50. He gave the girl a $20 bill and said, "Your prices are

  (shocked/shocking)"

11. Some paintings (belonging/belonged) to the artist were stolen from the

  gallery.

 12. (Leaving/Left) to himself, he was at a loss what to do.

 13. The amount of paper (producing/produced) and (consuming/consumed)

   in our country is annually increasing.

B. 문법 상 잘못된 것 하나를 고르시오.

 1. Most of the goods (make) in this factory are exported.

  ① are made   ② made     ③ making     ④ makes

 2. Studies show that girls (participate) in sports get better grades than girls

  who don't.

  ① participate    ② participating    ③ participated   ④ are participated

 3. A plane (carry) 28 passengers crashed into the ocean yesterday. 

  ① carry      ② is carrying     ③ carrying    ④ carried

 4. Each of the girls (wait) for the importantly job interview was sure that she

  alone would be chosen.

  ① wait        ② waits       ③ waiting     ④ waited

 5. The awards, (give) in the fields of physics, chemistry, physiology and so

  on, comprise approximately $1,000,000, as well as a great deal of

  recognition.

  ① give        ② are given     ③ given     ④ giving

 6. The most common problem (see) in golfers is lower back pain.

  ① sees        ② is seen       ③ seeing    ④ seen

 7. Desert tribes often live in tents (make) of camel skin because tents are

  able to move easily.

  ① make       ② made      ③ are made     ④ making

 8. If you don't care of your body in your teens, you can hardly become

  healthy later in life. Know your body, know the changes (occur) inside your

  body, and talk with others about your body.

  ① occurs      ② occurred    ③ occurring     ④ are occurred

 9. I took Michael to the pediatrician for a checkup. The doctor, (notice) the

  campaign badge, said that he, too had run for the president of the student    council when he was in the sixth grade. 

  ① noticed     ② noticing     ③ was noticing    ④ was noticed

 10. It has been estimated that the weight of all the insects (destroy) by

  spiders in Britain in one year would be greater than the total weight of all

  the human beings in the country.

  ① destroy     ② destroying    ③ destroyed     ④ are destroyed

C. 틀린 것 하나를 고르시오.

 1. Many of the elements ① find on the moon ② are the same as ③ those

  on Earth but in different proportions.

 2. The Eskimos ① live in the Arctic today ② resemble a group of Asian

  people ③ known as Mongolians.

 3. ① Approaching from the west side were ② were already masses of

  people ③ surround City Hall at 42nd.

 4. Once, ① caught in a shower, he took off his hat and held it under his

  coat. When ② asking why, he explained that the rain would damage the

  hat, but his hair would be ③ none the worse for its wetting.

 5. For example, the daughter of a wealthy Boston family, Eleanor Sears, ① 

  was a magnificent athlete, but skirts always hindered her attempts to play    polo. ② Annoying a tradition that required women ③ to wear skirts even on   the athletic field, Sears decided ④ to challenge it in 1909.

 6. As Gandhi got on a train one day, one of his shoes slipped off and

 landed on the track. He was unable to regain it as the train was moving. To

 the amazement of his companions, Gandhi calmly took off his ① other shoe

 and threw it back along the track to land close to the first. ② Asking a

 fellow passenger ③ why he did so, Gandhi smiled. "The poor man who ④

finds the shoe ⑤ lying on the track,

<정답표>

B. 1. ② made     2. ② participating    3. ③ carrying    4. ③ waiting   

   5. ③ given     6.  seen           7. ② made       8. ③ occurring    

   9. ② noticing   10. ③ destroyed

C. 1. ① find   2. ① living    3. ③ surrounding    4. ② asked   

   5. ② Annoyed at(by)       6. ② asked by

5. 조동사

 1) 조동사의 쓰임

   point) 조동사 + 동사원형

         조동사 + not + 동사원형

         조동사 + 주어 + 동사원형 ~ ?

         조동사 + have + p.p ~.

          must have p.p : ~했었음에 틀림없다.   

          should have p.p : ~했어야만 했다.

         can = be able to     will = be going to    must = have to

   ex) The priest had to leave, so they couldn't (have/had) the wedding

      ceremony.

       You should (improve/improved) your English.

       He (don't must/must not) play the computer game.

       May I borrow your pen?

       I (will/must) have met him three years ago.

  <연습 문제>

   1. Shouldn't you (save/saving) a little money for a rainy day?

   2. He (can't/isn't able) to go to the party because of breakdown of his

    car.

   3. You (don't must/must not) cross the street when there's traffic.

   4. She can't (speak/speaking) English, but she can fluently (speak/speaks)

    several other languages.

2) would와 used to 의 쓰임

   point) would : ~하곤 했다(불규칙적으로 반복된 행동)

         used to : ~하곤 했다(규칙적으로 반복된 행동/상태)

          부정 : didn't use to/used not to ~

          의문 : Did + 주어 + use to 동사원형 ~

   ex) People (wasn't/didn't) use to wear Western-style clothes, but now

      most young people wear them.

       She would go to the noisy shopping mall.

       I used to help her with her homework.

       There used to be a big tree in front of my old house.

       People didn't use to have any electricity things.

   <연습 문제>

    1. My family (would/used to) live in a big house in the countryside.

    2. I (would/used to) love him but I didn't marry him.

    3. Did she (use/used) to play tennis every morning before breakfast?

3) used to V/be used to V/be used to ing

   point) used to V : ~하곤 했다.          be used to V : ~하는데 사용되다.

          be used to ing : ~에 익숙하다.

   ex) He used to (think/thinking) he was the best, so he didn't listen to

      others' advice.

       We always used to (have/having) breakfast at 9 a.m.

       The tool (used to/is used to) help the blind to read books.

       I (used to/am used to) eating hot food.

   <연습 문제>

    1. While taking a bath, he used to (sing/singing) old songs loudly.

    2. The weapon was used to (attack/attacking) the rest of the enemy.

    3. She was used to (ride/riding) a bicycle to go to and from work.

    4. The spacecraft is used to (transport/transporting) people to and from

      orbit around the earth.

4) Must have p.p 와 should have p.p 의 차이

  point) must have p.p : ~했었음에 틀림없다.

        should have p.p : ~했어야만 했다.

  ex) I regret having paid little attention to him. In order words, I                  (should/must) have paid more attention.

       He (must/should) have passed the exam

        = I am sorry that he didn't pass the exam.

       He (must/should) have told a lie to me.

        = I am sure that he told a lie.

  <연습 문제>

   1. Thank you for your present, but you (must/should) not have done this.

   2. There aren't any empty boxes in my house. He (must/should) have

     thrown all away.

   3. What a waste of time! You (should not/must not) have spent much time

     on such a work.

5) 주장, 요구, 명령, 제안 동사 뒤의 that절에서 should의 쓰임

  point)

     insist, demand, require, order, command, suggest, propose + that + 주어 + should + V

   ex) He proposed that the taxes (were/be) spent to build a home for the

      homeless.

       He insisted that everyone (should) (had/have) a certain goal.

       My boss ordered that I (finished/finish) the work by noon.

     주의) The suspect insisted that he (kept/keep) the law, but he was sent

          to a prison.(과거의 사실로 해석)

  <연습 문제>

   1. He demanded that the money (be/was) promptly deposited into the

     account.

   2. There were no raise last year. He suggested that the boss (raise/raised)

     the pay.

   3. My son insisted that he (fail/failed) the exam because of his mistake.

<심화 연습 문제>

A. 둘 중 적합한 하나를 고르시오.

 1. Tessa (would/used to) love school, and always talked to the family about

  the things she had leant.

 2. The guide suggested that the hikers (start/started) walking back to camp

  before it became too dark and windy, but they didn't listen to his advice.

 3. Some of the money was used to (purchase/purchasing) some food for

  the homeless.

 4. She picked up the bill, but the waiter insisted that someone (pay/had

  paid) an hour ago.

 5. You are so lazy. You (should/must) have finished the work yesterday.

 6. It (would/used to) be thought that the earth was flat.

 7. The couple (were used/used) to have frequent quarrels when they drank

   heavily.

 8. Many witnesses insisted that the accident (take/had taken) place on the

   crosswalk.

 9. Most of rivers get polluted heavily. Considering this, stricter laws (should

   have been/should be) earlier.

 10. The ground seems to be wet. It (must/should) have rained a lot

   yesterday.

B. 문법상 잘못된 하나를 고르시오.

 1. Lizzie asked for a chemistry set for her tenth birthday. We were all ①

  surprised, but when she got it she never ② stopped doing experiments.

  Often, I remember, the whole house ③ used to smelling of strange

  chemicals!

 2. If schools only provide knowledge, however, they may destroy creativity, 

  ① producing ordinary people. We often hear stories of ordinary people

  who, if education had focused on creativity, ② could have become great

  artists or scientists. Those victims of education ③ should receive training to

  develop creative talents while in school. It really is a pity that they did not.

 3. Friaser says that parents need to be involved in their children's education.

  He believes that parents should ① makes sure that their children ② are

  given the kind of attention they need. When a good home life is combined

  with a ③ structured learning environment, all children can succeed.

 4. Mrs. Hill ① always yelling at her son, Mark. She nags him constantly to

  do his chores, clean up his room, finish his homework and ② gets a

  haircut. Mr. Hill is always making new rules. Some of rules are                unreasonable. For instance, Mr. Hill made one rule ordering that his son ③

  not listen to music after five o'clock. Mark often becomes angry and goes

  up to his room and slams the door shut.

<정답표>

B. 1. ③ used to smell    2. ③ should have received      3. ① make    

   4. ② get

6. 수동태

1) By가 뒤에 있으면 수동태 확인

   point) 능동태 : 주어 + 동사 + 목적어(~가 하다)

         수동태 : 주어 + be + p.p + by + 목적격(~가 되다)

    ex) The bicycle (was bought/bought) by my father.

        I persuade him = He is persuaded by me.

   <연습 문제>

    1. The tables (removed/were removed) by students.

    2. A red fox ran through a stream when it (chased/was chased) by dogs.

    3. The Washington Monument (visits/is visited) by hundreds of people

      every year.

2) Be + p.p + to V 확인

   point) 주어 + be + (asked, told, allowed, forced, ordered

                       supposed, expected, encouraged)    + to V ~

   ex) The amount of venture capital fell 53% from the previous year. This

      year the number (is expected/expect) to show a steeper decline.

       She asked him to pray = He was asked to pray by her.

   <연습 문제>

    1. When he won the lottery, Eric (asked/was asked) to donate 1 billion.

    2. Even if the thief (told/was told) to stop, he kept running.

    3. Can't you see this sign? You can't smoke here.

       You (allow/are allowed) to smoke only outside.

3) 수동태가 불가능한 동사 확인

   point) suffer from ~ : ~으로 고통 받다.         belong to ~ : ~에 속하다.

         appear/seem : ~로 보이다.               disappear : 사라지다.

         remain : ~인채로 남겨지다.      happen/occur/take place : 발생되다.

         consist of : ~로 구성되다.               make up of : ~을 구성하다.

   ex) Beneath the stamped imprint was a notation from the bank in ink.

      It (was appeared/appeared) to read, "Not you - us".

   <연습 문제>

    1. He is (died/dying) of cancer.

    2. The dog was (died/killed) in the street.

    3. Do you know that World War Ⅱ was (occurred/caused) in 1393?

    4. The team (is consisted/consists) of twelve members who are seniors.

4) 수동태 문장으로 더 잘 쓰이는 표현

   point) be addicted to : ~에 중독되다      

         be born : 태어나다.

         be acquainted with : ~와 안면이 있다.   

         be covered with : ~로 뒤덮이다.

         be crowded with : ~로 붐비다.

         be married to : ~와 결혼하다.

         be filled with : ~로 가득차다.

         be opposed to : ~에 반대하다.

         be devoted to : ~에 헌신하다.

         be committed to : ~에 전념하다.

         be absorbed in : ~에 몰두하다.

         be concerned with : ~을 걱정하다.

         be convinced of/that : ~을 확신하다.

         be divorced from : ~와 이혼하다.

         be exposed to : ~에 노출되다.

         be engaged in : ~와 약혼하다. 종사하다.

         be based on : ~에 기초를 두다.

         be known to : ~에게 알려지다.    be known as : ~라고 알려지다.

         be made of(from) : ~으로 알려지다.

   ex) His father was the famous Ambassador so he could (expose/be

      exposed) to politics at an early age.

   <연습 문제>

    1. The young man (addicted/was addicted) to nicotine because of heavy

     smoking.

    2. I planned to (marry/be married) to him, but my parents didn't permit

     the marriage.

    3. They lived in towns well (known for/known as) the beautiful waterfalls

     and valleys.

    4. All substances are (made of/made from) molecules that are constantly

     in motion.

<심화 연습 문제>

A. 둘 중 적합한 하나를 고르시오.

 1. Bus schedules are (displaying/displayed) at the bus stop.

 2. Language skills (teach/are taught) in every school in the country.

 3. A large vase (lays/is laid) in the corner of our front hallway.

 4. This is especially likely to arise in situations where people (deprive/are

  deprived) of information they are given.

 5. Some animals have dull colors of their natural environment. This means

  they are less likely (to catch/to be caught) by predators.

 6. The Johnsons' house burned down. According to the inspector, the fore

  (was caused/caused) by lightning.

 7. After he went home, I was (remained/left) alone in the hospital.

 8. Today's assignment in arithmetic (consists of/makes up of) ten problems.

 9. Water (consists/is consisted) of hydrogen and oxygen.

 10. The new highway will (complete/be completed) sometime next month.

 11. Beethoven's Seventh Symphony (performed/was performed) at the

   concert last night.

 12. Even though construction costs are high, a new dormitory will (build/be

   built) next year.

B. 문법 상 잘못된 하나를 고르시오.

 1. One January 25. 1984, President Ronald Reagan ① announced a plan ②

  to build a permanent space station which is ③ calling Space Station

  Freedom.

 2. Ever since I ① arrived here, I ② have been living in the dormitory

  because I ③ told that it was cheaper ④ to live there than in an apartment.

 3. The mail carrier ① had already been delivered the mail by the time I ②

  left for school this morning. I could ③ hide the school letter from my mom.

 4. In the morning the manager can ① print out a report on everything that

  ② was sold out and also on everything that ③ must reorder.

 5. One of the most significant ① inventions in the history of civilization was

  the wheel. It was invented around ② five thousand years ago. It ③ was

  allowed people to pull things in carts instead of carrying everything on their

  backs or in their arms.

 6. "I went to put the key in the door and the door had gone," Mr.

  MacSharry said yesterday. "Not only that, but the stone around the door ①

  had taken, too. Inside there was almost nothing left and I thought there ②

  must have been a terrible mistake. It is the worst theft I have ever seen.

  There was nothing left but the wall." The police believe the theft was

  carried out by an ③ organized gang.

<정답표>

1. ③ called                   2. ③ was told     3. ① had already delivered

4. ③ must be reordered      5. ③ allowed       6. ① had been taken

<Essential Confusing Words I>

1. aspect : 외관, 모습, 전망, ~라는 점

   expect : 기대하다.

   inspect : 조사하다.

   respect : 존경하다, ~라는 점

   prospect : 전망, 조망

   suspect : 의심하다, 용의자

2. conception : 개념, 이해, 고안

   interception : 차단, 방해

   exception : 예외

   perception : 인식

3. preserve : 보존하다, 유지하다.

   conserve : 보존하다.

   reserve : 비축하다, 예정해두다.

   deserve : ~할 가치가 있다. ~할만하다.

   observe : 관찰하다, 준수하다.

4. access : 접근, 출입권

   excess : 과도함, 지나침

5. adapt : 에 적응하다, 개조하다.

   adopt : 채택하다, 양자로 삼다.

6. complement : 보충하다, 보충물

   compliment : 칭찬하다.

7. admit : 인정하다.

   commit : 위탁하다, 전념하다, 범하다.

   emit : 방출하다.

   omit : 생략하다.

   transmit : 전달하다.

   permit : 허락하다.

  submit : 제출하다, 복종하다.

8. assistance : 원조, 도움

   insistence : 주장, 고집

   existence : 존재

   persistence : 끈덕짐, 영속

   resistance : 저항

9. distinguish : 구별하다.

   extinguish : 진화하다, 소멸시키다.

10. anticipate : 기대하다, 예상하다.

    participate : 참가하다.

11. tribute : 조세, 찬사

    distribute : 분배하다.

    contribute : ~에 기여하다.

    attribute : ~의 탓으로 돌리다.

12. compress : 압축하다, 요약하다.

    express : 표현하다, 급송하다.

    impress : ~에 인상을 주다.

    depress : 우울하게 하다.

13. concede : 시인하다, 부여하다.

    exceed : 초과하다.

    succeed : 성공하다, 계승하다.

    proceed : 나아가다, 착수하다.

14. extract : 발췌하다. 뽑다.

    attract : 매혹을 이끌다.

    distract : 흩뜨리다. 미혹케하다.

    contract : 계약하다, 축소하다.

    abstract : 추상하다.

15. establish : 설립하다, 안정시키다.

    abolish : 폐지하다.

    publish : 발간하다.

    vanish : 사라지다.

16. deficient : 불충분한

    efficient : 효율적인

    sufficient : 충분한

    magnificent : 고상한, 엄청난

    proficient : 능숙한

17. confine : 제한하다.

    define : 정의를 내리다.

    modify : 조정하다.

18. produce : 생산하다. 연출하다.

    induce : 권유하다.

    reproduce : 재생하다, 복사하다.

    introduce : 소개하다.

7. 가정법

1) 기본 공식

   point) 가정법 과거(현재 사실의 반대)

         If + 주어 + 동사의 과거/were ~, 주어 + 조동사의 과거형 + 동/원 ~ .

          => ~라면, ~할 텐데.

         가정법 과거완료(과거 사실의 반대)

         If + 주어 + had + p.p ~, 주어 + 조동사의 과거형 + have + p.p ~ .

          => ~했다면, ~했을텐데.

   ex) If you had turned a light toward Mars that day, it (would reach/would

      have reached) Mars in 186 seconds.

       If I (had/had had) wings, I would fly to her.

       If I (had/had had) wings then, I would have flown to her.

  <연습 문제>

   1. This soup would taste better if it (had/had had) more salt in it.

   2. Tom got to the bus stop in time. If he (missed/had missed) the bus,

     he (would be/would have been) late his interview.

   3. If I had taken your advice then, I (would be/would have been) happier

     now.

2) 가정법 구문 정리

   point) I wish + 주어 + 가정법 과거동사/had + p.p : 내가 ~하기를 바란다.

         It is time + 가정법 과거 : ~할 시간이다.

   ex) It is time that police (getting/got) tough with people who break the

      law.

       I wish I were rich = I am sorry I am not rich.

       I wish I had been rich = I am sorry I was not rich.

       I wished I were rich = I was sorry I was not rich.

       I wished I had been rich = I was sorry I had not been rich.

       It's nearly midnight. It is time you (go/went) to bed.

   <연습 문제>

    1. It is crowded here. I wish there (won't be/weren't) so many people.

    2. Why are you still in bed? It's time you (got up/get up).

    3. I wish my friend (came/had come) with us when we came last year.

  3) 기타 가정법 관련

   point) If it were not for ~ = without ~ = But for ~

         If it had not been for ~ : ~가 없다면

         If 의 생략된 경우에는 동사 + 주어로 도치시킨다.

   ex) (Were it not for/Had it not been for) Washington's bravery and military

      strategy, the colonies could hardly have beaten the British.

       If I were you, I would do my best.

       = Were I you, I would do my best.

       If I had been you, I would have done my best.

       = Had I been you, I would habe done my best.

   <연습 문제>

    1. Had he come to the concert, he (would enjoy/would have enjoyed) the

      music with me.

    2. (Did he ask/Had he asked) me about the problem, the situation would

      have changed.

    3. If it (were not/had not been) for your advice, I would habe made a

      wrong decision then.

<심화 연습 문제>

A. 둘 중 적합한 하나를 고르시오.

 1. If she had taken care of herself more carefully, she would (be/have been)

  still alive now.

 2. I am so busy these days. I wish I (have/had) more free time.

 3. I wish you (visited/had visited) your parents' house last year.

 4. If he heard of your marriage, he (would be/would have been) surprised.

 5. If the sun (were to/would) rise in the west, I would trust him.

 6. I wouldn't mind living in England if the weather (were/had been) better.

 7. If I had been healthy as young, I (would be/would have been) an athlete

  now.

 8. (Were/Am) I free for six months, I would travel around the world.

 9. What would you have done if you (won/had won) the lottery?

 10. (Had I/I had) known Mary was in town, I would have invited her to the

   party.

B. 문법 상 잘못된 하나를 고르시오.

 1. If her parents or her sister Peggy had questioned her, she ① was not

  able to hold back her tears that had ② been repressed ③ since the quarrel

  at the school.

 2. It began to be dark. ① There was nobody near when he found the gold,

   and he ② might have kept it all to himself. Such a heap of gold ③ had

   made him a rich man. But he did not think of being rich; he thought of

   being honest.

 3. Micky and I would be ① lonely those nights when the cold wind whistled

   around the home if it ② had not been for our friends who ③ were in the

   stories.

 4. The police returned my wallet! And the money was still there! If I ①

   didn't get the money back, it would have been a sad Christmas for us. My

   son would have felt terribly disappointed if I hadn't bought him some new

   toys. I wish the police ② gave me the address of the woman who found

   my wallet. ③ Did I know where she lives, I would send her a special

   holiday gift.

 5. According to Wiley, if men and women lived in different worlds, the

   results ① would be catastrophic. Wiley thinks that men are ② too

   aggressive to survive on their own. If women didn't control them, men

   would start more wars. He also believes that women won't have the

   technical skills to survive in their own world. If men weren't there to pump

   gas and run the businesses, women ③ won't be able to manage.

<정답표>

B  1. ① would not have been able to    2. ③ might have made

   3. ② were not for                     4. ① had nor gotten 

   5. ③ wouldn't be

8. 시제

1) 시간 부사와 동사 일치

   point) 과거 + yesterday, last, ago, in those days, in + 시점(지난 년도)

          have + p.p ~ for/since/during

          => 현재 완료는 과거부터 현재까지로 현재와는 함께 쓰지 않는다.

          현재 + now, usually

   ex) Ontario in Canada (had/has had) colleges since the late 18th century.

       When (did he return/has he returned) home?

       He (played/has played) an important role last month.

       I (studied/have studied) English for almost twenty years.

       The World Wildlife Fountain (rescued/has rescued) a lot of species of animals since 1961.

   <연습 문제>

    1. John has a new car. I wonder when he (bought/has bought) it.

    2. The club, one of the oldest clubs, (was/has been) established in 1882.

    3. Since the 1990s, many youngsters (enjoyed/have enjoyed) playing

      computer games.

2) 시간 흐름에 맞는 시제 확인

   point) 과거 완료 : had + p.p         현재 완료 : have + p.p

                      과거         현재

          -----------> --------->

             had + p.p    have + p.p

    ex) After the Industrial Revolution, machines did the jobs that horses

       (did/had done).

        The kate Mozart (has contributed/contributed) to the development of

       music.

        I (have lived/had lived) there for ten years when the war broke out.

    <연습 문제>

     1. He (has solved/had solved) the problem until the bell rang.

     2. I lost my cell phone I (have bought/had bought) the day before.

     3. When I got to the station, the train (has already started/had already

      started).

3) 때나 조건을 나타내는 부사절에서는 현재가 미래를 대신

   point) if, before, after, as long as, until + 현재형 동사

         ~ , 접속사 + 주어 + 현재형 동사 ~

         If + 주어 + 현재형 동사 ~, 주어 + will/can/must ~ .

         명사절(접속사 + 주어 + 동사 ~, 주어 + 동사 + 목적어)에서는

        미래 시제를 씀

    ex) When people in the future (look/will look) back on 2005, what tool

       will make them impressed?

        If the weather (is/will be) fine, our family will go out to eat.

        Let's get started as soon as he (arrives/will arrive) home.

        I'll ask him when he (comes/will come) home.

  <연습 문제>

   1. He will finish the project when he (returns/will return) to Korea.

   2. If it (is/will be) warm tomorrow, we'll drive in the country.

   3. I don't know when the book (comes/will come) out.

   4. I cannot tell if it (rains/will rain) tomorrow.

<심화 연습 문제>

A. 둘 중 적합한 하나를 고르시오.

 1. DMB phone (is/has been) more and more frequently used in recent

   years.

 2. Since 1960s, the rate at which new wells have been discovered (is/has

   been) declining.

 3. The two neighbors are not friendly even though they (live/have been

   living) side by side for twenty years.

 4. In ancient China, people (knelt down/have knelt down) and bumped their

   heads on the floor when meeting a superior.

 5. Tommy said that the ball (rolled/had rolled) into the hole while playing

   soccer in the driveway.

 6. Annie invited me to bring my children with me one day as I (had

   told/have told) her so much about them since our acquaintance.

 7. I will go home for vacation as soon as I (will finished/finish) my exams.

 8. When a shell (becomes/will become) too small for the hermit crab to

   occupy, it will become aggressive.

 9. These family trips usually continue until their children (become/will

   become) teenagers.

 10. In the summer of 2001, he (visited/has visited) Asan, Korea, to

   participate in a house-building project.

 11. The assistance ran after him and said, "Sir, you've (forgotten/forgetting)

   your change."

B. 틀린 것 하나를 고르시오.

 1. For the next several years, astronomers ① will be searching the skies for

   other civilizations. Meanwhile, the Mars Association, a group of scientists,

   ② has already planned the first housing development project on Mars. Get

   ready. The shuttle will leave as soon as they ③ will solve a few

   transportation problems.

 2. Mrs. Wild, aged 67, ① received Christmas cards from someone for the

   past 17 years. She has no idea who ② is sending the cards. She started

   receiving the cards after she bought her home in Worcester. She spent

   years trying to solve the Christmas cards puzzle, but now she ③ has

   given up and puts the card up on the wall every Christmas. "If only I

   knew who it was from!" she said.

 3. When Winfrey ① got her TV talk show in 1986, she ② has already been

   a TV news reporter and acted in a major Hollywood movie, The Color

   Purple. Oprah's warm personality made her TV guests comfortable. Her

   stories on topics such as child abuse touched the hearts of her audience.

   "The Oprah Winfrey Show" became so popular that by the late 1980s

   "Oprah" ③ had become a common word.

<정답표>

B. 1. ③ solve     2. ① has received    3. ② had already been

9. 대명사

1) 대명사가 지칭하는 말이 단수/복수인지 확인

   point) ~ 단수 명사 ~ 단수 대명사(it/its/that) ~ .

         ~ 복수 명사 ~ 복수 대명사(they/their/them/those) ~ .

   ex) Some people tend to skip their breakfast to those their weight. But

      (it/they) won't work well.

       The company decided to change (its/their) computer system.

       These new items are much better than (that/those) we expected.

   <연습 문제>

    1. Many Americans go to France to taste (its/their) excellent food.

    2. In spite of (its/their) close location to these countries, however, Korea

     has remained f`ree of the deadly disease.

    3. California invested heavily in (its/their) schools and universities in the

     1960s.

    4. Long before elaborate water system was used in Europe, the Chinese

     had already developed (it/them).

 2) 주의해야 할 대명사의 격

   point) its : 그것의    it's = it is     전치사 + 목적격 대명사

         A ~ 비교 ~ B(A, B 비교 대상이 같아야함)

   ex) It is now the capital of Nepal and the center of (its/it's) government,

      economy and culture.

       The government decided to change (its/it's) tax system.

       There is something to hard to express between you and (I/me).

       My car is bigger than (her/hers).

   <연습 문제>

    1. Everyone but (she/her) agreed.

    2. There is no man like (he/him) in the world.

    3. Her character is similar to (me/mine) in many ways.

    4. The silkworm moth produces silk weaving (its/it's) cocoon.  *cocoon : 고치

3) 재귀대명사 확인

  point) 재귀대명사 : 주어 + 동사 ~ 주어self.

         강조 : 주어, 목적어, 보어, 문장 끝에 위치

         관용적 표현 

           by oneself : 홀로    for oneself : 스스로 

  ex) When you attempt to do something and fail, you have to ask

    (you/yourself) why you have failed to do what you intended.

      He killed himself. (자살)

      He killed him. (타살)

      She looked at herself in the mirror. (She=herself)

      She looked at her in the mirror. (She ≠ her)

      I myself fixed my bicycle(강조)

      I am not going to do it for you. You can do it yourself(강조).

  <연습 문제>

   1. You seem sick and tired. You should take care of (you/yourself).

   2. Before choosing job, he didn't consider (him/himself). So he couldn't

    adjust to the job.

   3. Some people call (them/themselves) vegetarians because they avoid

    read meat.

   4. If she doesn't trust me, she had better go (herself/her).

4) one(s), it, that/those 의 구별

   point) one/ones : 막연한 것(들)         it/they : 특정한 것(들)

         that/those : 뒤에 수식어가 있는 경우

   ex) The weather in Seoul is hotter than (one/that) in Busan.

       She lost her watch and must buy (one/it).

       She stole a watch and gave (one/it) to me.

       His eyes are like (that/those) of a leopard.

       I have three watches : a new (one/it) and two old (ones/those).

   <연습 문제>

    1. You house is a very pretty (one/it). When did you build (one/it)?

    2. The climate in United States was similar to (that/those) of his native

      country.

    3. This chance is such a good (one/it) that you can't lose it.

5) most/almost의 구분

   point) most of the people     most people     almost all the people

         most of people(X)       most the people(X)   almost people(X)

         most : 대명사, 형용사, 부사     almost : 부사

   ex) (Most/Most of/Almost) materials contract when they freeze, but water

      expands.

   <연습 문제>

    1. (Almost/Most) students want to have good friends, but it isn't easy.

    2. He spent (most of time/most of the time) playing the computer game.

    3. Paying his tuition and renting a locker took (most/almost) all the

     money he had saved from his summer job.

6) Another&other 구별

   point) another + 단수 명사                other + 복수 명사

          another + 숫자 + 복수 명사 

         2개 일때 : one ~, the other ~ .

         3개 일때 : one ~, another ~ , the other ~ .

         3개 이상 : one ~, the others(나머지들) ~ .

                    some ~, others(다른 여러 개들) ~ .

         A is one thing, And B is another : A와 B는 별개다.

   ex) Unlike (other/another) blood cells, white cells have a nucleus that

      enables them to divide and reproduce.

       She will give you (other/another) book.

       There are two flowers : one is a lily and the other is a tulip.

       There are three flowers : one is a lily, another is a tulip, and the other

      is a rose.

       There are ten students : one is a boy and the others are girls.

       There are many people : some are Korean and others are American.

       To know is one thing and to teach is quite another.

  <연습 문제>

   1. I have two brothers : one resembles Father and (other/the other)

     resembles Mother.

   2. After finishing this project, you should do (another/other) works.

   3. Although some critics viewed Earnest Hemingway as an overrated writer,

    (other/others) thought him a truly gifted novelist.

   4. The team consists of five members : one is a student and (the

    other/the others) are housewives.

7) 혼동하기 쉬운 대명사

   point)  many/much

          most/some

             both             the

             each         of  my     명사

          either/neither        this 

             none     

          every + 명사

          some : 긍정, 권유의 의문문    any : 부정문, 의문문

   ex) I won't buy either of (books/the books).

       neither of the people

       (Every/Each/All) of the boys has his bag.

       She asked him for (any/some) money, but he hadn't (some/any).

  <연습 문제>

   1. If you have read either of (them/stories) tell me about it.

   2. Vice and virtue are opposite roads; the one leads to misery and

     (other/the other) to happiness.

   3. All objects are composed of many molecules and the force of gravity

     pulls on (every/all) of them.

<심화 연습 문제>

A. 둘 중 적합한 하나를 고르시오.

 1. My friend's house is bigger than (me/mine) in the scale.

 2. If they are found to have lead in their bodies, children have to be treated

   with medicines that remove (it/them).

 3. We respected no other candidate as much as (his/him).

 4. If a meeting is running longer than you had planned, try speeding

   (them/it) up by saying, "I'm sorry, I just noticed the time. Are there

   (another/other) items you want to cover?"

 5. Mary is a freshman and has all the problems that (most of the

   freshmen/the most freshmen) have.

 6. When an enemy is about to attack, the trunk many be used to warn the

   rest of the heard. This is done by sending a loud trumpet-like sound,

   which makes the earth shake. This warns (another/the other) elephants in

   the herd of possible danger.

 7. "I never gave up." These words have been voiced by mountain climbers

   who lay in freezing crevices until (they/their) rescue, by people who have

   recovered from cancer, and by people who survived the Great Depression.

 8. Plants rid (them/themselves) of excess water through transpiration, the

   evaporation of extra moisture from their leaves.

 9. "You ought to be ashamed of (you/yourself/yourselves)!" I blurted out just

   as I began to realize how distorted their comments were.

 10. (Most/Almost) instruments that produce music can be grouped into three

   major classes: stringed, wind, and percussion.

B. 문법 상 잘못된 하나를 고르시오.

 1. Many new immigrants decided ① to settle in the South and the West. For

  many, the climate ② was similar to ③ their native countries and it was ④

  easier to find a job three.

 2. The importance of rubber is ① that it is elastic. When you stretch a

  rubber band and let it go, ② its elasticity makes ③ itself quickly ④ spring

  back to its original shape.

 3. A group of researchers ① created an environment in laboratory ② that ③

   was very similar ④ to Mars to show the possibility of life on the red

   planet.

 4. In the past few years, the stars have shown ① some of their secrets.

   However, they have not given us ② all of the answers to our questions.

   Today's theory of an expanding universe is basically ③ those of Edwin

   Hobble from 1929. According to his explanation, all the major objects in

   the universe are speeding away from ④ one another.

<정답표>

 B. 1 ③ that of their native countries   2. ③ it 

    3. ④ to that of Mars               4. ③ that of Edwin Hobble

10. 형용사/부사

1) 뒤에서 명사를 수식하는 형용사

   point) afraid, asleep, alone, alike, alike ashamed, awake, aware

         alike/like 구별

          => 동사 + alike      like + 명사

   ex) Fish eat (living/alive) coral.

       I have never seen such an afraid child. (X)

       The child is afraid of lions. (O)

       My father and my mother are alike.

       = My father is like my mother.

   <연습 문제>

    1. Children spend almost half their (awake/waking) hours in school.

    2. They have the (alike/same) shape.

    3. Don't wake up the (sleeping/asleep) baby.

2) much/many/little/few의 쓰임

   point) little(거의 없는) => a little(약간의) => much + 셀 수 없는 명사  

         few(거의 없는)  => a few(약간의) => much + 셀 수 있는 명사

   ex) A (little/few) learning is a dangerous thing.  

       How (much/many) time have we got?

       How (much/many) tickets do we need?

       Roses need (a few/a little) water every day.

       Cactuses need (few/little) water.

       His ideas are very difficult, but (a little/a few) people understand them.

   <연습 문제>

    1. There are too (much/many) people here.

    2. I only wanted (a little/a few) minutes to get ready.

    3. Unfortunately, he had (a few/few) friends.

3) 수사의 쓰임

   point) 숫자 + 단위 명사S(X)

         단위 명사(S) + of : ~몇몇의

         숫자 + 단위 명사(s) + 형용사

         숫자 - 단위 명사(s) - 형용사 + 명사

         분수 : 기수 - 서수(s) of ~

   ex) (Thousand of/Thousands of) people were fired in Germany because of

      the Great Depression.

       five (hundred/hundreds) people.

       (hundred of/hundreds of) people.

       The boy is six feet tall = He is (six-foot-tall/six-feet-tall) boy.

       He is a (three-years-old/three-year-old) boy

       It is a (twelve-story/twelve-stories) building.

       1/3 : one-third    2/3 : two -thirds     1/2 : a half

   <연습 문제>

    1. He has a (twenty-inch-long/twenty-inches-long) ruler.

    2. (Three-fourth/Three-fourths) of the earth is covered with water.

    3. At first time, there were only for (hundred/hundreds) people but

     suddenly (thousand of/thousands of) people rushed into the stadium.

4) 형용사외 동사를 수식하는 부사의 쓰임

   point) 형용사 => 명사

         부사 => 형용사, 부사, 동사, 문장전체

   ex) There are (increasing/increasingly) large number of people who use

      Internet in their daily life.

       The job was (surprising/surprisingly) easy.

       The door was (bad/badly) painted.

       She looked at me (kind/kindly), but didn't say anything.

       He acted (unbelievable/unbelievably) stupidly in the past year.

   <연습 문제>

    1. It was so (terrible/terribly) cold that I couldn't go out.

    2. The room is (clever/cleverly) organized so three of us can work there.

    3. She put the phone down (slow/slowly).

    4. She drives a (real/really) beautifully designed sports car.

5) 구별할 부사들

   point) late(늦게)        near(가까이)     hard(열심히)

         lately(최근에)     nearly(거의)     hardly(거의 ~않다)

         high(높이)        pretty(꽤)        bad(바쁜)

         highly(몹시)      prettily(예쁘게)    badly(몹시)

   ex) After she volunteered to help the poor, she was (high/highly) praised.

       Don't sit up (late/lately) at night.

       I have heard from her (late/lately).

       Come (near/nearly) and watch.

       She was (near/nearly) run over by the car.

       He works (hard/hardly).

       He (hard/hardly) works all day.

       The plane flew (high/highly) in the sky.

       The weather was (high/highly) cold.

       She will finish the work (pretty/prettily) soon.

       She was (pretty/prettily) dressed.

  <연습 문제>

   1. If you want me to work (hard/hardly), you will have to pay me more.

   2. The train arrived (late/lately) because of heavy snow.

   3. The injured dog will hurt (high/highly).

6) 동사 + 대명사 + 부사         동사 + 명사 + 부사     동사 + 부사 + 명사

   point) up, on, off, down, out이 부사로 쓰일 때 동사와 함께 이어동사로 쓰임

         blow up : 폭발하다.      turn on : 켜다.     call off : 취소하다.

         turn down : 거절하다.

   ex) It is difficult to (call off it/call it off) right now.

       It is difficult to call the appointment off right now.

       It is difficult to call off the appointment right now.

  <연습 문제>

   1. You should (turn it off/turn off it) to save energy.

   2. He announced the result of the exam.

     The news (let me down/let down me).

   3. As soon as he lifted the stone, he (put it down/put down it).

7) 형용사를 보어로 취하는 동사

   point) look, smell, taste, sound, feel, be, become, stay, seem + 형용사

         remain

         make, keep, find, leave + 목적어 + 형용사

   ex) The music sounded (sweetly/sweet).

       You can feel (comfortably/comfortable).

       I made him (happily/happy).

  <연습 문제>

   1. I never feel (unhappy/unhappily) now.

   2. He looked (calm/calmly) while he solved the problem.

   3. I consider him (honest/honestly).

   4. He kept the room (neat/neatly).

8) 주의해야할 비교급 I

   point) as + 형용사/부사 원급 + as + 비교 대상

         형용사/부사 비교급 + than + 비교 대상

   ex) Many schools seem to have a greater need for convenient facilities

      (as/than) they have ever had before.

       My grade is never as (good/better) as it was last month.

       Some people say that studying physics is (more difficult/as difficult) as

      studying astronomy.

       I have got the (bad/worse) grades this month than last month.

       Despite its small size, Europe has had a (greater/greatest) impact on

      world industry than any other continent.

  <연습 문제>

   1. Most students will agree that PDA is (as easy/more easy) to use as a

    mobile phone.

   2. We need (much/more/most) information about the jon than before.

   3. Although this machine is more convenient than any other, design of it

    is (bad/worse) than that of others.

9) 주의해야 할 비교급 II

   point) 배수사 + as + 형용사/부사 원급 + as 비교대상 : ~만큼의 몇 배~

          The + 비교급 ~, the + 비교급 ~ : ~하면 할수록, 더 ~하다.

   ex) (More/The more) technology develops, the more convenient our life

      seems to be.

       He is twice as old as I.

       He runs three times as fast as she.

       The house is twice as (large/largely) as that.

       The (most/more) one has, the more he wants.

       The (hardest/harder) we study, the easier the math becomes.

  <연습 문제>

   1. I'd gladly pay (twice as much/as much twice) for it as before.

   2. There were (as four times/four times as) many people as there were

     yesterday.

   3. The more we discussed the question, (more/the more) difficult it

     became.

10) 주의해야 할 비교급 III

    point) much, still, even, far, a lot(훨씬) + 비교급

          superior to : 우세한    inferior to : 열등한

          prior to : 앞선         prefer A to B : 더 선호하다.

          more than : ~이상     less than : ~이하

          not less than = at least : 적어도     

          not more than = at most : 기껏해야

          no more than = only             more or less : 다소

          sooner or later : 머지않아

          no more = no longer = not ~ any more = not ~ any longer

             : 더 이상 ~가 아니다.

          긍정문, much more + 명사 : ~은 말할 것도 없이

          부정문, much less + 명사 : ~은 말할 것도 없이

    ex) Computers are helpful in many ways. They work information

       (very/much) more quickly than a person can.

        The house is (very/much) larger than that one.

        I thought that his work was inferior (than/to) mine.

        I will meet you no more.

        He has no less than five hundred dollars.

        He has not less than two hundred dollars.

        I have no more than five dollars.

        She has not more than ten dollars.

        He can speak French, much more English.

        She can't speak English, much less French.

   <연습 문제>

    1. My son doesn't speak English, much (less/more) French.

    2. Our sales for sport cars were (very/much) larger than last year's.

    3. I prefer wine (to/than) beer because I think wine is superior (to/than)

      beer.

<심화 연습 문제>

A. 둘 중 적합한 하나를 고르시오.

 1. He left the door (open/openly).

 2. One leg of the chair was (slight/slightly) damaged.

 3. The soup tastes (terrible/terribly) : I wonder what's wrong.

 4. I found the problem (difficult/difficulty), so I asked for his help.

 5. Women who exercised (regular/regularly) as young can improve their

   health.

 6. Are you (complete/completely) confident with your ability?

 7. I felt (bad/badly) after serious debate.

 8. She was (pretty/prettily) dressed in furs that are (pretty/prettily) expensive.

 9. The funds from many countries (helped out them/helped them out) from

   misery.

 10. Even though the offer was attractive, he (turned down it/turned it down)

   firmly.

 11. Students had a(n) (alive/lively) discussion on the result of their exam.

 12. He lives in a nearby town. It's only (five-minutes/five-minute) distance

   to the station.

 13. The experts are all (high/highly) trained, and they make (little/few)

   mistakes.

 14. (A few/A little) knowledge can be of a great help to apply for the

   company.

 15. By the age of one and a half, Matilda knew as (many/much) words as

   most grown-ups.

 16. The farther back we go, (the little/the less) familiar we find ourselves

   with the speech of our ancestors.

 17. The world's biggest sporting event is the World Cup soccer contest. In

   many countries, soccer is gaining (much/more) popularity than any other

   sport.

 18. The photographs of Mars taken by satellite are (much/very) clearer than

   those taken from the Earth.

 19. In the museum, you can find (more/better) than 200 examples of farm

   equipment from horse-drawn machines to the huge steam tractor.

B. 문법 상 잘못된 하나를 고르시오.

 1. The kidnappers ① had taken his daughter. He didn't know what to do.

   He wan't a rich man. They ② must have made a mistake and kidnapped

   the wrong person. When he received the ransom demand, he ③ near died

   of shock. But that afternoon, imagine his surprise when he saw his

   daughter get out of a car. He was very delightful to see she was OK.

 2. The power of writing creatively is a ① great gift than the power of writing

   accurately. ② Many of us can see the clear faults in the novels of

   Hemingway. We could correct and improve his ungraceful and incorrect

   English. But we cannot write novels as ③ good as his: indeed we

   probably cannot write novels at all.

<정답표>

1. ③ nearly       2. ① greater

<Essential Confusing Words II>

19. cooperate : 협동하다.

    operate : 작용하다, 운영하다, 수술하다.

20. acquire : 획득하다, 취득하다.

    require : 요구하다.

    inquire : 묻다.

21. content : 만족한, 내용

    contend : 주장하다, 경쟁하다.

22. economic : 경제의

    economical : 절약하는, 경제적인

23. include : 포함하다.

    exclude : 제외시키다.

    conclude : 결론을 내리다.

24. effect : 효과, 결과

    affect : ~에게 영향을 주다.

25. principle : 원리, 원칙

    principal : 주요한, 교장

26. expand : 확장시키다.

    expend : (시간, 돈등) 들이다.

27. respectable : 존경할 만한, 훌륭한, 상당한

    respective : 각각의

    respectful : 경의를 표하는, 공손한

28. resemble : ~와 닮다.

    assemble : 모이다, 조립하다.

29. conflict : 충돌(하다), 모순, 갈등

    inflict : 고통을 주다.

    afflict : 괴롭히다.

30. certain : 확실한, 어떤

    certificate : 증명하다.

    certify : 증명하다.

    concern : ~에 관계하다, 걱정하다.

31. mend : 수선하다.

    demand : 요구하다.

    command : 명령하다, 내려다보다.

    commend : 칭찬하다, 맡기다, 추천하다.

    recommend : 충고하다.

32. appoint : 임명하다.

    disappoint : 실망시키다.

33. cover : 덮다, 감추다.

    recover : 회복하다.

    discover : 발견하다.

    uncover : 폭로하다.

34. solve : 해결하다.

    resolve : 용해하다, 분해하다, 결심하다.

    dissolve : 녹이다.

35. ascend : 올라가다.

    descend : 내려가다.

36. collaborate : 공동으로 일하다.

    elaborate : 정성들여 만들다.

37. approve : 승인하다, 찬성하다.

    improve : 개선시키다.

    prove : 증명하다, 시험하다.

38. donate : 기증하다.

    anecdote : 일화

    antidote : 해독제, 해결책

    condone : 용서하다.

39. allusion : 암시, 언급

    illusion : 환각, 착각, 오해

    delusion : 현혹, 기만, 미혹

40. attain : 얻다, 달성하다.

    contain : 내포하다, 포함하다.

    obtain : 얻다, 획득하다.

    retain : 보류(유지)하다.

11. 관계사

  1) 관계 대명사는 불완전한 절이다.

    point) 주격 : ~ 선행사(명사) + 동사 ~ .

          목적격 : ~ 선행사(명사) + 주어 + 동사 ~ .

    ex) A popular politician is created by the people who (they/X) support

      him or her.

        I have a book. It was about the stars in the sky.

        => I bought a book which (it/X) is about the stars in the sky.

   <연습 문제>

    1. I'll give them a book which you already (read/read it) a few days ago.

    2. Did you know Jane who (won/she won) the great prize?

    3. There was a museum that he wanted to (visit/visit it).

  2) 관계 대명사의 종류는 선행사에 따라 결정된다.

    point) ~ 사람 + who/whose/whom/that ~ .

          ~ 사물 + which/whose/that ~ .

    ex) There were many students (who/which) had lived abroad.

        The police arrested a robber. He stole the jewel in the store.

        = The police arrested a robber who(that) stole the jewel in the store.

        The movie was very impressive. I saw it with my boy friend.

        = The movie which(that) I saw with my boy friend was very

         impressive.

      주의) 관계대명사 앞에 있는 명사가 무조건 선행사인 것은 아니다!

        Father carried old furniture with my brother (which/who) had to be

       taken to the basement.

    <연습 문제>

     1. Did you see the accident (who/which) was on TV this morning?

     2. Yes, I saw the accident scene with an injured driver (who/which) was

      drunk.

     3. I know the drunken driver in the accident, (who/which) is my

      neighbor.

3) 관계 대명사의 격

   point) 사람 + who + 동사              사물 + which + 동사

               + whose + 명사                + whose + 명사

               + whom + 주어 + 동사         + which + 주어 + 동사

   ex) My son, (who/whose) dream is to be the best photographer, takes me

      to the beautiful places.

       I'd like to see the girl whom(that) I met at the party last night.

       = I'd like to see the girl I met at the party last night.

       I can't concentrate on a teacher whose voice is so husky.

       She fixed the table whose leg was broken yesterday.

       She fixed the table the leg of which was broken yesterday.

   <연습 문제>

    1. I can't figure out a girl in the picture (which/whose) brother was

     present at our wedding.

    2. I can't find the remote control (the batteries of which/whose the

     batteries) were under the sofa.

    3. These days I date out the girl (whom/whose) the teacher is talking to.

4) 관계 대명사 that

   point) the only, the same, the very, 서수, 최상급, every, all + that

         선행사가 사람과 사물을 가리킬 때

         앞에 컴마(,)와 전치사를 쓰지 못한다(예외, in that ~ : ~라는 점에서)

   ex) The man and manners (who/that) he describes are quite new to us.

       The dog and a thief that the policeman was following got on a

      running truck.

       Building a pension near the beach is my dream, (that/which) will

      realize.

       There is a dog of (which/that) I complained.

       The Internet is like television in that it provides entertainment and

      information.

   <연습 문제>

    1. She is the first person (who/that) climbed the Mt. Everest.

    2. They repeat the experiment on (which/that) vaccine for bird flue is

      based.

    3. The judge couldn't admit the statement in (that/which) the witness is

     one of his family.

    4. He said that he was will, (that/which) was a lie.

5) what의 용법

 point) 선행사(X) + what + 불완전 문장(주어나 목적어가 하나가 없음)

                    ‘~하는 것‘으로 해석

 ex) Sometimes children do precisely the opposite of (what/which) their

    parents wish in order to assert their independence.

     I can't give her a present (what/that) I quit smoking.

     I can't give her a present (what/which) she really wants to have.

     I can't give her (what/which) she really wants to have.

 <연습 문제>

  1. (That/What) life will develop on a favorable environment is probable.

  2. (That/What) he said to me yesterday turned out to be a lie.

  3. (What/That) counts is not money but time.

6) 관계부사

  point) 관계대명사(who, which, whom, whose, that, what) + 불완전 문장

         관계 부사(when, why, how, where) + 완전 문장

         관계 부사 = 전치사 + 관계 대명사

  ex) Dr. Levy longs for the old days (which/when/where) children built strong

     immune systems by getting dirty.

      I can't forget the morning which he dumped me up in.

     = I can't forget the morning in which he dumped me up.

     = I can't forget the morning when he dumped me up.

     = I can't forget the morning he dumped me up.(관계부사 생략 가능)

      Finally I arrived in Paris (which/where) I always wanted to visit.

      Finally I arrived in Paris (which/where) I always wanted to live.

  <연습 문제>

   1. This is the place (where/which) he was born.

   2. Photography allowed people to see places (where/which) they would

     not otherwise have been able to see.

   3. If we say that history began with writing then history is only about

    6,000 years old. That is (when/which) the Sumericans in Mesopotamia

    began keeping records, using symbols on clay tablets.

7) 관계대명사 절에서의 수동태 문장

  point) 동사의 주어가 무엇인지 확인함

   ex) A new product has been invented that could make the world little

     quieter. It's a noise absorbing material which (is called/calls) NEXDAMP.

       The museum which (built/was built) in 1831 has many historial things.

  <연습 문제>

   1. The letter which (delivered/was delivered) yesterday was yours.

   2. The report which (gave/was given) to my students was about the final

    test.

   3. The warriors who (killed/were killed) in the Civil War are buried in the

    National Cemetery.

<심화 연습 문제>

A. 둘 중에서 적합한 하나를 고르시오.

 1. I can't find your sister in the picture (which/who) I heard was pretty.

 2. I am waiting for them to finish the job that (is/are) supposed to be done

  before 5 O'clock.

 3. Each country has the land's most common and plentiful foods with

  (that/which) they make favorite customary cookies.

 4. He tore the letter in (that/which) he could read her mind.

 5. He tore the letter in (that/which) it could be the proof of his crime.

 6. The time may soon come (which/when) we have to take on oxygen tanks

  with us wherever we go.

 7. He insisted that his son go to a special school for the gifted

  (whom/where) he could develop his talent for mathematics.

 8. I like my jobs and the company is pretty good, but I want to work for a

  company (which/where) recognizes my efforts and (which/where) I have a

  chance for promotion based on my work.

 9. Many of my friends thought that I had started behaving in a crazy way,

  but (that/what) I was really doing was fighting for my musical life.

B. 문법 상 잘못된 하나를 고르시오.

 1. Written languages originate only in large, complex societies that ① have a

  great deal of imagination that needs to be stored. Even the Incas, who ②

  were advanced, never developed a writing system. It is, therefore,

  astonishing that wooden tablets that ③ contains writing were discovered on

  Easter Island in the 19th century.

 2. Political pressure, which ① supplied by France and England, eventually

  brought the release of the captives. Unfortunately, by the time, over 80

  percent of them were dead. And the survivors ② who were returned to the

  island brought smallpox, which ravaged the natives. Thus, by 1875, the

  population, ③ which in 1860 was about 5,000, had shrunk to 600.

 3. The first Europeans came to the island in 1722, ① which three Dutch

  ships landed on Easter Sunday. Since that time, ② thousands of

  archaeologists have come to Easter Island to study the great stone statues,

  some of which ③ weigh over a hundred tons. The archaeologists' work has

  yielded many answers, but we may never understand all of the history

  behind these haunting stone faces.

<정답표>

B. 1. ③ contain        2. ① was supplied          3. ① when

12. 주의할 동사

1) 자동사/타동사 구분

   자동사 : 목적어가 없음, 수동태 불가     타동사 : 목적어가 있음, 수동태 가능

   rise - rose - risen : 오르다.           

   raise - raised - raise : ~을 올리다.

   arise - arose - arisen : 일어나다.

   arouse - aroused - aroused : ~을 일으키다.

   lie - lied - led : 거짓말하다.    lie - lay - lain : 눕다.

   lay - laid - laid : ~을 눕히다.

   sit - sat - sat : 앉다.      

   seat - seated - seated : ~을 앉히다.

   fall - fell - fallen : 넘어지다.

   fell - felled - felled : ~을 넘어뜨리다.

  ex) The sun was (rising/raising) above the horizon.

      Tom (lay/laid) down on the grass.

      Students looked at the flag which the soldiers had (risen/raised).

      She (seats/is seated) on the bench.

      *앉아라 : Sit down = Seat yourself = Be seated.

 <연습 문제>

  1. Korea (lies/lays) to the east of China.

  2. He (rose/raised) a fallen child on the street.

  3. Please, (sit/seat) yourself and stay calm.

2) 사람만을 목적어로 취하는 동사

  point) convince A (of/that) B : A에게 B를 확신시키다.

        remind A of B : A에게 B를 생각나게 하다.

        rob(=deprive) A of B : A에게서 B를 빼앗다. steal + 물건 : ~을 훔치다.

        address : ~에게 연설하다.      speak to + 대상 : 에게 말하다.

        defeat A (in B) : A를 B에서 승리하다.    win + 경기 : 이기다.

  ex) He wanted to (win/defeat) the game, but he failed finally.

      He convinced us that he is honest.

      I believe that she is honest.

      He reminded her that he had no money.

      He remember that he had no money.

      They robbed the bank of money.

      The thief stole my bicycle.

      The President addressed the people.

      He spoke to audience on war.

      She won the game.

      Tom defeated her in the first set.

  <연습 문제>

   1. Finally the judge (believes/convinces) that he is guilty.

   2. Jane sneaked into the bank and (stole/robbed) it.

   3. She (reminds/is reminded) that she left the purse in the car.

3) keep/help 동사 뒤에 오는 형태

   point) keep + ing : 계속 ~하다.

         keep + 목적어 + 형용사 : ~하게 유지하다.

         keep + 목적어 +p.p : ~가 되도록 유지하다.

         keep + 목적어 + ing : 계속 ~하게 하다.

         keep + 목적어 + from ing : 목적어가 ~하지 못하게 하다.

         help + (to) ~ : ~을 돕다.

         help + 목적어 + (to) ~ : 목적어가 ~하도록 돕다.

         cannot help + ing : ~하지 않을 수 없다.

   ex) The heavy rain us (from going/going) out, so we stayed home.

       It kept raining for a week.

       You should keep your hands clean.

       Keep the door closed.

       It is not easy to keep the fire burning.

       He kept his students from making a noise.

       We used to help (to) fix the fence.

       He will help me (to) finish the work.

       She couldn't help crying, after watching the movie.

  <연습 문제>

   1. When seeing the accident, she kept her mind (calm/calmly).

   2. I am sorry to keep you (waiting/from waiting).

   3. He kept (to interrupt/interrupting) my job, so I couldn't but stop it.

   4. There are so many people to help the homeless (to live/living) for

     themselves.

4) 전치사 없이 쓰이는 동사

   point) enter (to X)         answer (to X)          attend (to X)

          reach (at X)        approach (at X)        marry (with X)

          resemble (with X)   discuss (about X)

          enter into : ~에 착수하다.   attend to : ~에 주의를 기울이다.

          attend on : 시중들다.        discuss with : ~와 의논하다.

   ex) We entered (X/into) a coffee shop, and discussed (X/about) the

      problem over a cup of coffee.

   <연습 문제>

    1. We reached (X/at) the station at 5 p.m.

    2. He didn't answer (X/to) my questions.

    3. Do you think you resemble (X/with) your father?

<심화 연습 문제>

A. 둘 중에서 적합한 하나를 고르시오.

  1. The rich man (found/founded) a hospital and a school in the town where

    he was born.

  2. Las Vegas was originally (found/founded) as a water stop for steam

    locomotives on the route of what is now Union Pacific Railroad.

  3. The grasshopper (found/founded) in temperate zones is hardly ever a

    nuisance to humans.

  4. Fossils of plants that have been extinct for fifty million years have been

   (found/founded) in large deposits of amber near the Baltic Sea.

  5. I was upset when my house was (stolen/robbed).

  6. I was embarrassed to know that my purse was (stolen/robbed).

  7. I was (stolen/robbed) of my wallet on the subway.

  8. Robbery is the crime of (robbing/stealing) money or property from banks,

   shops, or subways, often by using force or threats.

  9. You (remind/remember) me of someone I met in the market place.

  10. Mom already called this morning to (remind/remember) me not to wear

    jean.

  11. It was a really big game. Choi Hong-man finally (won/defeated) Bob

    Sapp.

  12. There is a small field where I (rise/raise) vegetables.

  13. The mountain (rises/raises) 1,000 meters out of the sea.

  14. Before starting the business, we have to (rise/raise) basic fund.

  15. He drove to the beach to see the moon (rising/raising) above the

     horizon.

  16. Today my teen-age son, my mother-in-law and I (seated/were seated)

     in a restaurant enjoying our noon meal. Outside, cats were (lying/laying)

     and nodding.

Essential Idioms I

1. account for

 1) 설명하다 = to explain something

 2) (이유)를 밝히다, 보고하다 = to report something to someone

 3) (사냥감)죽이다, 포획하다  = to kill or capture the prey

 4) 책임지다.  

 5) ~의 비율을 차지하다.

2. break in

 1) 침입하다 = to enter a building by using force

 2) 길들이다 = to tame

 3) 방해하다 = to interrupt

 4) 익숙해지다 = to get accustomed to something

3. bring up

 1) 제기하다, 발언하다 = to mention a subject or to talk about it

 2) 양육하다 = to educate and care for a child

 3) 토하다 = to vomit something up from your stomach

4. come across

 1) 우연히 만나다 = to meet someone by accident

 2) (머리에) 떠오르다.

 3) 명확히 이해되다 = to be understood clearly

5. come up to

 1) ~에 다가오다.   2) ~에 이르다.   3) ~에 필적하다 = to equal

 4) ~에 부응하다.

6. come up with

 1) 생각해 내다 = to think of an idea, plan etc.

 2) 따라잡다 = to catch up with

 3) 공급하다 = to produce a sum of money

7. do away with

 1) ~을 제거하다 = to get rid of = remove

 2) 폐지하다 = to abolish

 3) ~을 죽이다.

8. give in

 1) 굴복하다 = to unwillingly agree

 2) 제출하다 = to submit

 3) 공표하다 = to tell something publicly

9. go over

 1) 조사하다, 검토하다 = to examine carefully

 2) 반복하다 = to repeat something in order to learn it

 3) 변화시키다 = to change your habits

 4) 다가서다 = to go nearer to something

10. lay off

 1) 해고하다 = to dismiss or to fire

 2) 그만두다 = to stop

 3) 구획하다 = to mark off

11. let go (of)

 1) 석방하다 = to release

 2) 놓아주다.

 3) 눈감아주다.

 4) 해고하다.

12) let down

 1) 실망시키다 = to disappoint

 2) 낮게 하다, 내리다.

 3) ~의 기대를 어기다.

13) put aside

 1) 포기하다, 그만두다 = to stop doing something

 2) 저축하다 = to save money regularly

 3) ~을 한켠으로 제쳐두다.

14) put down

 1) 비난하다, 모욕하다 = to criticize someone

 2) 기록하다, 적다 = to write down

 3) 죽이다 = to kill animal without pain

15) set aside

 1) 취소하다, 무효로 하다.

 2) 따로 숨겨놓다, 저축하다 = to keep something especially money, time

 3) 거절하다, 제외하다 = to refuse something

 16) stand for

 1) 상징하다 = to symbolize something

 2) 대표하다 = to represent something

 3) 지지하다 = to support

 4) 참다, 인내하다 = to bear or tolerate

17. take on

 1) 떠맡다 = to accept some job or work

 2) 태우다, 짐을 싣다.

 3) 고용하다 = to hire or employ somebody

 4) 성질을 띠다 = assume

 5) ~에 도전하다.

 6) 좋아하다 = to like

13. 도치/어순/강조구문

 1) 부정어구는 조동사를 이용한 의문문형 도치를 한다.

  point) 부정어 + 조동사/do/does/did/be동사 + 주어 + 본동사

      (not, no, never, seldom, hardly, barely, little, few)

  ex) Hardly ever (do he/he do/does he/he does) come to class on time.

      Not one wink of sleep (I did/did I) get that night.

  <연습 문제>

   1. Not until yesterday (he did/did he) realize the fact.

   2. Hardly (was I/I was) back in my office before a group of ladies came

     to see me.

   3. Only slowly (can he/he can) drive away.

2) So + 동사 + 주어      Neither + 동사 + 주어

   point) 주어 + 동사 ~, so + do/does/did + 주어.

         주어 + be 동사 ~ , so + be 동사 + 주어.

         주어 + 조동사 ~ , so + 조동사 + 주어.

   ex) I am a student and so (is Eric/Eric is).

       He is an English teacher and so am I.

       He teachers English and so do I.

       He can teach English and so can I.

       He has been an English teacher and so have I.

       He can't speak French, nor can I.

   <연습 문제>

    1. Mary drives her car too fast and (so am I/so do I).

    2. As civilizations developed, so (were fashions/did fashions).

    3. I had not seen it, neither (did she/had she).

3) 간접 의문문의 문장 순서

  point) 주어 + 동사 ~ 의문사 + 주어 + 동사 ~ .

         how가 ‘얼마나’의 의미일때는 how + 형용사/부사 + 주어 + 동사

         think, suppose, believe등의 동사는 의문사가 앞으로 나감

  ex) Let me tell you what (did he pick/he picked) for your birthday present.

      (How you come/How come you) to school doesn't matter to me.

      I asked (if he can carry/if can he carry) this heavy boxes.

      I don't know who came last.

      I can't measure (how this lake is deep/how deep this lake is).

      (What do you think/Do you think what) he came from?

 <연습 문제>

  1. the question is where (is Mary/Mary is) now.

  2. I don't know (who made the toy/who the toy made).

  3. Mom asked me (where is father/where father is).

  4. He isn't sure (how expensive the present was/how the present was

    expensive).

4) so/such 어순

   point) so + 형용사 + a(n) + 명사

          such + a(n) + 형용사 + 명사

   ex) I am (so/such) nervous that I can't help shaking my leg.

       I have so beautiful a flower on the desk.

       I have such a beautiful flower on the desk.

       I have (so/such) tired that I can't do the work.

  <연습 문제>

   1. It was (so/such) beautiful a night that we went out.

   2. He was (so/such) exhausted that he could not speak.

   3. She had (so/such) a fright that she fainted.

   4. (What/How) a beautiful flower it is!

   5. (What/How) fast the birds fly!

5) enough 위치

   point) 형용사/부사/명사 enough 명사 to V ~ : ~할 정도로 충분히 ~한

   ex) I guess three days is not (long enough/enough long) to see everything

      here.

       She has money enough to buy a car.

       She has enough money to buy a car.

       She is wealthy enough to buy a car.

       She is enough wealthy to buy a car(X).

  <연습 문제>

   1. He's (mature enough/enough mature) for his age.

   2. If he waits (long enough/enough long), the world will be his own.

   3. Esmeralda finds enough (lonely/loneliness) in his eyes.

<심화 연습 문제>

A. 둘 중 적합한 하나를 고르시오.

  1. Not until the night (he listened/did he listen/he did listen) the news.

  2. Never (will I/I will) forget the wonderful people I have met here.

  3. Scarcely ever (does the mail arrives/does the mail arrive/the mail arrives)

    before noon.

  4. Do you know what (does Alex need/Alex need/Alex needs)?

  5. I don't remember how many letters (are there/there are) in the English

    alphabets.

  6. Do you know how long (has be been/he has been) living here?

  7. Tell the taxi drive where (do you want/you want) to go.

  8. He asked me what (did I intend/I intended) to do after I graduate.

  9. What do you think (the main issue is/is the main issue)?

  10. She is (so/such) a marvelous joke that we can't help laughing.

  11. She gave (so/such) witty an answer that everyone burst out laughing.

  12. The deal seems (so/such) attractive an answer that it would be

     ridiculous to say no.

  13. It's (too good a chance/a too good chance) to be lost.

  14. (Such long a holiday/Such a long holiday) makes one reluctant to start

     work again.

  15. We are sure that our prices are (competitive enough/enough

     competitive) to attract your customers.

  16. No sooner (one typhoon has/has one typhoon) passed than the next

     one approaches.

  17. He sends Peter to the Indies with enough (wealth/wealthy) to start in

     business.

B. 문법상 잘못된 것 하나를 고르시오.

  1. I ① need to find out ② how does a person have to old ③ to get

   driver's license?

  2. The cake was terrible. I ① won't go to the bakery and ② buy the cake

   again, ③ nor it will be recommended.

  3. Recently, industry analysts had voiced their concern that signs of a

   decrease in Web usage ① could signal slowing U.S. growth in the Internet

   economy, although most agree that ② such data may not ③ enough

   comprehensive to see the full picture.

  4. Each day in our small town the siren at the fire station blows at 6 p.m.

   One evening it sounded at 7:15 p.m. ① Concerned, a group of our town

   people gathered to see ② which way would the fire trucks go. When they

   didn't leave the station, we asked ③ what was going on, "There isn't any

   fire," we were told. "the firemen are having a meeting and not enough of

   them showed up."

<정답표>

B. 1. ② how a person has          2. ③ nor will it    

   3. ③ comprehensive enough     4. ② which way the fire trucks would go 

14. 문장의 성립

1) 주어의 역할을 할 수 있는 것

  point) 명사(구), 대명사(구), to 부정사, 동명사

        문장(what ~, whether ~, that ~, 의문사 ~)

  ex) (Live/To live) in the country may give us calmness.

      (Eat/Eating) junk food is not good for your health.

      (He/Who) knew it is the most important fact.

 <연습 문제>

  1. (Explore/To explore) the Sahara is very dangerous mission.

  2. (Make/Making) much money is not the end and aim of life.

  3. (That/What) she did annoyed the passengers very much.

2) 접속사 that뒤에는 완전한 문장

  point) 접속사 : 주어 + 동사 + (that) + 주어 + 동사 ~ .

        관계대명사 : 주어 + 동사 + 명사 + (that) + 주어 + 동사 ~ .

                                        + that + 동사 ~ .

  ex) I hope that transition (to go/goes) smoothy.

      He found that everyone (respected/to respect) his father.

      I think (what/that) he is honest.

      I have a book (what/that) my father recommended.

<연습 문제>

 1. I noticed that a small boy, about seven years old, (walked/walking) up to

   the men.

 2. He invented the tool that (it/X) was useful for everyone.

 3. I believe that (we/X) should practice English that we speak and write

   (it/X)

3) Despite/though 의 차이

   point) 전치사와 접속사의 구별

        because of + 명사             

        because + 주어 + 명사 

        despite + 명사

        though + 주어 + 명사  => ~임에도 불구하고

        during + 명사                 

        while + 주어 + 동사  => ~하는 동안에

        according to + 명사

        according as + 주어 + 동사   => ~에 따라

        in case of + 명사  

        in case + 주어 + 동사   => ~할 경우에는

   ex) (Despite/Though) good looks may get our attention, it is not an

      impression that necessarily lasts.

       The clerk made a great mistake because of his carelessness.

       The clerk made a great mistake because he was careless.

       He was not happy despite his success.

       He was not happy though he succeeded.

       He woke up several times during the night.

       Someone broke into the house while they were asleep.

       You may either go or stay according to your decision.

       You may either go or stay according as you decide.

       I'm taking my umbrella with me in case of heavy rain.

       I'm taking my umbrella with me in case it rains heavily.

  <연습 문제>

   1. He didn't understand the policeman (because/because of) he was deaf.

   2. (Despite/Although) she was tired, she went to work.

   3. Drinks will be served (during/while) the interval.

   4. I wrote down her address (in case/in case of) I forgot it.

4) 병렬구조

   point) A and B       both      A     and     B  : 둘다

            or           either     A     or      B   : 둘 중의 하나

            but          neither    A     nor     B   : 둘다 아닌

                         not       A     but     B : A가 아니고 B인

                         not only  A but (also)   B : A뿐만이 아니라 B도 역시

    ex) By placing the trees near the yard and (growing/to grow) grapes on

       the fence, we can still have enjoyable outdoor life.

        This holiday enabled us to go camping and (to) relax.

        It is not that he tells lies but he exaggerates.

        I like both the sports cars of Benz and those of Ferrari.

        I like the sports cars both of Benz and of Ferrari.

        I like the sports cars of both Benz and Ferrari.

  <연습 문제>

   1. He says he will ring the hospital or (tell/telling) his family doctor about

     it.

   2. She not only (played/plays) well, but also writes music.

   3. You might as well expect the sun to rise in the west as

     (expect/expecting) me to change my opinion.

<심화 연습 문제>

A. 둘 중 적합한 하나를 고르시오.

 1. (It/That) is difficult for us to climb the cliff.

 2. He threw away the trash that he (having/had) in his hand.

 3. (Live/To live) in an apartment makes us give up gardening.

 4. I think that (climb/climbing) Mt. Everest is very dangerous.

 5. (Surf/To surf) the internet is not meaningless.

 6. What he said (made/making) me nervous.

 7. The most important thing to learn in life (being/is) how to live.

 8. He was relieved to find that the station (to be/was) some distance from

   the village.

 9. They are bored because the things they are given and told to do in

   school (being/are) so trivial.

 10. They are confused because most of the flood of words that pours over

   them in school (making/makes) little or no sense.

 11. There is evidence that competence of reading does not automatically

   (transfer/to transfer) to that of spelling.

 12. Blindly (adopt/adopting/to adopt) superficial environmental approaches

   without fully understanding their effects can be no better than doing

   nothing.

 13. She wore a thick sweater (in case/in case of) the cold weather.

 14. We see things differently (according to/according as) we are rich or

   poor.

 15. He was afraid of the result of the exam. This is (because/because of)

   he didn't study hard.

 16. People insure their houses (in case/in case of) they catch fire.

 17. You should cut the coat (according to/according as) the cloth.

 18. Either you ought to be more careful, or (you ought not to drive at all/to

   drive at all).

 19. He would prefer to die of starvation rather than (steal/stealing) food.

 20. Running is considered to be healthier than (to life weight/lifting weight).

B. 문법상 잘못된 하나를 고르시오.

 1. ① During he prepared the performance, there ② were already masses of

   people at stadium, ③ despite bad weather.

 2. Bacteria help ① clean up toxic wastes. For example, scientists have

   identified several kinds of bacteria that ② eating the water-polluting

   chemical ③ called PBC.

 3. Reading and writing have long been thought of as skills ① supporting

  each other: ② read is to recognize and interpret language that ③ has been

  written; to write is to plan and produce language so that it can be read.

<정답표>

B. 1 ① While      2. ② eat        3. ② to read