1. 평행구조 : 등위접속사, 상관접속사, 비교의 대상에서 이루어지는 각 란의 형태는 항상 같은 형태, 기능을 가진 단어로 이루어지는 구조를 말한다. 이들 중 등위접속사의 and 와 or 로 이루어진 형태가 가장 많이 출제되었다.
1. 등위접속사 and와 or
A, B, and C : A, B, C 각각은 항상 같은 형태로 이루어진다.
A or B : A, B 각각은 항상 같은 형태로 이루어진다.
예를 들면, 다음 문장에서
Cro-Magnon man, a human being who lived about 35,000 years ago, was about six feet tall, stood straight, and had a large brain and a high forehead.
위의 A, B, C 는 주어 Cro-Magnon의 동사로 각각 이루어져야 한다. 만약 A의 형태가 to+R이라면, B, C도 또한 to+R이어야 한다. 이를 평행구조 또는 병렬구조라고 한다.
2. (등위) 상관 접속사
상관을 이루는 두 부분 또는 그 이상의 각각이 같은 형태를 이루고 있어야 한다.
예를 들면, not only A but (also) B 구문에서 A와 B의 각 형태는 같아야 한다.
not A but B, A as well as B, neither A nor B, either A or B, both A and B, between A and B 도 또한 마찬가지다.
3. 비교의 대상
비교되어지는 어떤 단어도 항상 같은 형태, 기능을 하고 있어야 한다.
다음 문장에서 보면,
ex) She think that she would rather stay at home than go out in the rain. A B
would rather A(동.원) than B(동.원) : B라기 보다는 차라리 A이다 에서 A와 B의 각 형태는 동사의 원형으로서 항상 같은 꼴이이야 한다.
ex) The weather of Korea is milder than that of England.
A B (= the weather)
위의 문장에서도 또한 마찬가지이다. A와 B가 비교되어질 때 같은 기능과 형태로 되어야 한다.
이상과 같이 평행구조는 이미 수능과 모의고사에서 많이 출제되었고 또한 앞으로도 이런 유형은 계속 출제될 전망이다. 필히 숙지해서 알아 두도록 합시다.
수능기출 문제
(`94 수능 기출 문제) 다음 글을 읽고, 밑줄 친 부분 중 어색한 부분이 있는지를 결정하고, 만약 있다면 그 부분은?
Everybody became (A) part of the war. The men and boys were fighting; the women and girls were (B) in the factories, making war materials or (C) while they were helping (D) with civil defense and fire fighting.
① 어색한 부분 없음 ② (A) ③ (B) ④ (C) ⑤ (D)
(`95 수능 기출 문제) 밑줄 친 부분 중 어색한 부분이 있는지를 찾아보고, 만약 있다면 그 부분은?
In order to make their dream (A) come true, Mike and Amy decided (B) not to waste money. By living temporarily with Mike's parents and (C) drastically cut their leisure expenses, they hoped (D) to save enough money to buy a modest house in two years.
① 어색한 부분 없음 ② (A) ③ (B) ④ (C) ⑤ (D)
【모의고사 기출 문제】
1. 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 골라 짝지은 것으로 가장 적절한 것은 ?
People (A) [who / whom] write for youths write all kinds of books. Some write about real things, like sports, cars, or boats. But others tell stories that are (B) [making / made] up. Many of these stories are about things in the past. But some show what it's like to live today. These may be about going to school or (C) [being / to be] part of a family.
(A) (B) (C)
① who ----- making ------- being
② who ----- made ------- being
③ who ----- made ------- to be
④ whom ---- making ------- being
⑤ whom ---- making ------- to be
2. 다음 글의 줄친 부분 중 어법상 자연스럽지 못한 것은?
① To have a good health, we should take plenty of rest and exercise regularly. We ② need to sleep from six to eight hours each night. Plenty of rest, fresh air, sunshine, and exercise will ③ make us look and feel better. ④ Swimming and to ride a bicycle are both good activities during summer months. We should exercise during cold weather, too and ⑤ remember to dress in warm clothing.
3. 다음 글의 줄친 부분 중 어법상 자연스럽지 못한 것은?
Cro-Magnon man, a human being ① who lived about 35,000 years ago, was about ② six feet tall, stood ③ straight, and ④ with a large brain and ⑤ a high forehead
4. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 자연스럽지 못한 것은?
American mothers ① have always worked hard. Traditionally, most American mothers ② worked only at home or on the farm. It was their job to take care of the children and ③ helped with the farm work. Now many American mothers also ④ work outside the home. Life is expensive in the U.S., and families ⑤ need much money.
5. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 자연스럽지 못한 것은?
The first people to ① try snowboarding were young people. They liked the new sport because it was ② fast and challenging. They did special tricks on the board, such as jumping over the * bumps in the snow or ③ turn over. The young snowboarders ④ wore special clothes and used a special vocabulary to talk about their moves. For example, they ⑤ called themselves "shredders" because they would shred, or tear up the snow as they moved.
* bumps: 돌출 부분
6. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중 어색한 것은? Many old people who (A) have watched TV for a long time think that watching TV for hours (B) makes people foolish. It (C) takes away a lot of valuable time for thinking deeply, for talking with family, and (D) reads good books. We sometimes find that we sit in front of a TV set (E) without thinking about anything.
7. 다음 밑줄 친 부분 중에서 어법상 자연스럽지 못한 것은?
We don't know exactly how and when sports ①first started. However, sports ②are extremely popular in most countries around the world. People ③feel excited and happy when their favorite team wins, and they feel sad and disappointed when their favorite team loses. Sports make everyday life more fun and ④more interesting. In addition, playing sports can be a good way of keeping healthy, getting exercise, and ⑤relax from stress.
8. 밑줄 친 부분 중 어색한 표현이 있다면 그 부분은?
The earth is limited in size, in farmland, and ① the amount of food that ② can be grown on land and in the sea.
③ One of our problems is that we ④ tend to believe that
⑤ the food supply is limitless.
9. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아 밑줄 친 부분을 가장 잘 고친 것은?
When I'm nervous I tend to jump to conclusion. For example, this morning I yelled at my daughter for using my fountain pen and return it not, and then I found it at the bottom of my briefcase.
① 고칠 필요 없음 ② not return it ③ returning it not
④ didn't return it ⑤ not returning it
10. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
When a computer stops working or is replaced one of three things can happen to ① it. It might be fixed up and ② give to someone else who can use it. Or perhaps it could be ③ taken apart and the various parts could be recycled. The greatest ④ possibility is that it might be sent to the dump. There, it would join countless other computers in ⑤ filling up the limited dumping space.
11. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 틀린 것은 ?
I remember ① receiving a small diary when I was eight years old. The most fascinating thing about it ② was the lock on the leather *binding that ③ held it shut and the tiny key that came with it. In the five lines ④ provided. I seldom went beyond the daily activities of getting up, eating, and ⑤ went to school.
*binding : 표지, 제본
12. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 틀린 것은 ?
Santa Claus ① is based on a real person, St. Nicholas. Nicholas was a Christian leader from Turkey in the 4th century A.D. He was very shy, and wanted ② to give money to poor people without their ③ knowing about it. It is said that one day, he climbed the roof of a house and ④ to drop a purse of money down the chimney. It landed in the stocking which a girl ⑤ had put to dry by the fire! This may explain the belief that Santa Claus comes down the chimney and places gifts in children's stockings.
13. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 틀린 것은?
Right now Allen is studying Russian language and literature. He plans to finish his degree next year. Then he expects to study in Moscow for a year because he ① wants to improve his ability to speak Russian. After ② coming back from Russia, he wants to return to school and ③ finish his Ph.D. He hopes ④ to get a job as a professor in a respectable university. Then he wants to get married, buy a beautiful house and ⑤ has three or four kids. He wants a long and full life, and he will work hard to get it.
*Ph.D. 박사학위
14. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 틀린 것은?
When ① I was studying in the third year of junior high school, I came to the crossroads in my life. I had to decide between going up to senior high school and ② to be a professional baseball player. At that time I was ③ so interested in baseball that I dreamed of becoming a professional baseball player. But my parents insisted that I ④ should attend senior high school. After a lot of discussion, I finally ⑤ decided to go up to senior high school.
15. 밑줄 친 부분 중 어색한 표현이 있다면 그 부분은?
Tomas was (A) a real friend, (B) for he advised me as (C) well as (D) helping me (E) with my work.
Automation ① affects our lives ② more and more every day; its effects have ③ made themselves felt not only in science and industry ④ but politics, education and social behavior ⑤ as well.
17. 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 골라 짝지은 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?1)
Zoos in the past often contributed to the disappearance of animal populations. Animals were cheap, and getting new ones was easier than (A) [provided / providing] the special diet and shelter necessary to keep captive animals alive. Recently, however, zoo directors have begun to realize that if zoos themselves are to continue, they must help save many species from extinction. As a result, some zoos have begun to redefine (B) [them / themselves] as places where endangered species can be protected and even revived. The Basel Zoo in Switzerland, for example, elects endangered species and encourages captive breeding. If zoos continue such work, perhaps (C) [it / they] can, like Noah's Ark, save some of earth's wonderful creatures from extinction.
(A) (B) (C)
① provided them it
② providing themselves they
③ provided them they
④ providing them it
⑤ provided themselves it
The cover of this book is different from you.
① from yours ② from what you have
③ from that of you ④ from your book
⑤ from that of yours
① She said softly that she ② would rather stay ③ at home than ④ to go out ⑤ in the rain.
20. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 틀린 것은 ?
Some of the experts on violent crime ① are suggesting that we ② should make a fundamental change in our approach to this growing social problem. They say we must make it our goal to prevent people ③ from becoming criminals in the first place, rather than ④ focusing on punishment and correction after the crime. According to these experts, the majority of violent criminals ⑤ have been cheated of certain important things they had a right to in their childhood.
수의 일치 : 주어와 동사의 수를 일치시키는 것을 말한다. 즉 주어가 단수이면, 단수 동사, 복수이면 복수 동사가 와야한다. 그런데 실제로 주어를 찾기란 만만치가 않다. 주어와 동사를 쉽게 알 수 있는 경우를 제외하고, 일반적으로 나타나는 형태는 the + 명사 + of + 명사 에서 원칙은 of 앞에 있는 명사가 항상 주어가 된다. 예를 들면,
ex) the building of bridges, one of the students, the cover of books 에서 각각의 주어는 the building, one, the cover 이다.
[자주 출제되는 수의 일치]
1. 관계사 절에서 나타나는 주어 찾기
① 선행사 + (관계대명사 + 주어 + 동사 ～) + 동사 ~ (목적격) 전체주어 전체동사
선행사가 문두에 오고 관계대명사가 오는 경우 관계대명사는 접속사와 대명사의 역할을 하므로 동사는 반드시 2개가 잇달아 온다. 관계대명사절은 두 번째 동사 앞까지이고 선행사가 전체 주어가 되고, 두 번째 동사가 전체 동사가 된다.
실제 출제문제를 보면 두 번째 동사를 어법상 틀리도록 해서 출제된다. 이때 반드시 선행사와 두 번째 동사의 수를 일치시켜야 한다. 특히 목적격인 경우 관계대명사가 생략되는 경우가 종종 있는데, 이때는 명사 + 주어 + 동사의 구조로 되어있다. 당연히 명사 다음에 관계대명사 목적격이 생략되어 있다. 이를 유의해서 보아야한다.
② 선행사 + (관계대명사 + 동사 + ～～) + 동사 ～ ～. (주격)
전체주어 전체동사
① 번과 마찬가지로, 선행사가 전체 주어가 되고 두 번째 동사가 전체동사이다. 다만 이때 관계대명사절 안의 동사도 선행사와 수를 일치시켜야 한다.
다음 문장을 예를 들면,
ex) People (who are still not familiar with the computerized catalog) has to make several telephone calls or make several car trips to find out the books they need.
위 문장에서 줄친 has의 주어는 catalog가 아니다. 주어는 People이다. 따라서 has가 아니라, have로 고쳐야한다. 물론 관계대명사절 안의 are 는 People과 일치시킨 것이다.
2. one of + 복수명사 + 단수 동사 (～ 중에 하나)
이 구문에서 주어는 one이다. one은 단수이므로 동사도 단수가 되어야한다. 예를 들면,
ex) One of these animals ( is / are ) a lobster which is a popular food.
위 문장에서 주어가 animals가 아니고 One이다, 따라서, is가 되어야한다.
3. the number of, a number of + 복수명사
① a number of + 복수명사 + 복수동사
형용사 주어 동사
→ a number of 은 많은의 뜻을 가진 수량형용사이므로 명사를 수식한다. 따라서 주어는 복수명사이다.
ex) A number of students in the city still have their memories when young.
이 문장에서 주어는 students이고 A number of은 students를 수식하는 형용사이다. 따라서 동사는 당연히 복수형태를 취해야 한다.
② the number of + 복수명사 + 단수동사
주어 동사
→the number는 자체가 명사(갯수, 수, 숫자)이므로 주어가 된다.
ex) The number of children attending school has more than
주어 복수명사 동사
doubled during the last half century.
→ children attending school이 주어가 아니라, The number가 주어이다. 따라서 단수동사 has이다.
4. 부분을 나타내는 말
→ 부분을 나타내는 말은 단수인지, 복수인지, 알 수 없으므로 of 뒤에 오는 명사에 수를 일치시킨다.
① 분수(기수+서수) of + 명사 + 동사
주어 동사
② half of + 명사 + 동사
주어 동사
③ the rest of + 명사 + 동사
주어 동사
④ most of + 명사 + 동사
주어 동사
ex) Three-fifths of the passengers were killed in the accident. 주어 동사
ex) The half of the story is not true.
주어 동사
ex) The rest of her life was devoted to helping sick people.
주어 동사
ex) Most of the windows are broken.
주어 동사
수능기출 문제
[`96 수능 기출 문제] 다음 중 어색한 부분의 문장을 고르시오.
The fact that someone is ① interested enough to give help to poor villagers ② often work wonders. The villagers become interested in helping themselves. They become ③ less discouraged when they realize that they themselves can ④ help make a better future. ⑤ 어색한 부분 없음
【모의고사 기출 문제】
1. 밑줄 친 부분을 고칠 필요가 있는지 확인하고 만약 있다면 가장 잘 고쳐진 것은?
|
Three-fifths of the passengers killed in the accident. |
① was killed ② were killed ③ has killed
④ have killed ⑤ 고칠 필요 없음
2. 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 골라 짝지은 것으로 가장 적절한 것은 ?
The (A) [amazing / amazed] progress in science nowadays is such that hardly a day passes without our reading some accounts of a new discovery or invention in the newspaper. No discovery, however, that has been made of recent years (B) [is / are] likely to prove so important as (C) [that / those] of atomic energy.
① amazing is that
② amazing are those
③ amazing are that
④ amazed is those
⑤ amazed are that
3. 밑줄 친 부분 중 어색한 곳이 있다면 그 부분은?
The number of children attending school (A) have more than doubled during (B) the last half century. (C) More than three-fourths of the population between the ages of five and nineteen (D) is now enrolled.
① 어색한 곳 없음 ② (A) ③ (B) ④ (C) ⑤ (D)
4. 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 골라 짝지은 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?1)
(A) [Create / Creating] the electrical energy also create environmental problems. We can't give up electricity, but we can control the ways we use (B) [it / them]. We can use alternative sources of energy that (C) [is / are] not as harmful to the environment as those which we are presently using.
(A) (B) (C)
① Create it is
② Create them are
③ Create it are
④ Creating them is
⑤ Creating it are
5. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
Many libraries now ① keep their catalogs on computers, and they share that resource with other libraries. A student ② searching for a certain book in a library may learn quickly that the book he or she needs ③ is owned by another nearby library. In fact, it takes only a few minutes for the student ④ to find out where the book is. People who are still not familiar with the computerized catalog ⑤ has to make several telephone calls or make several car trips to find out the books they need.
6. 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 골라 짝지은 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?
One out of every two Americans (A)
|
is / are |
|
it / they |
|
overeating / from overeating |
(A) (B) (C)
① is …………… it ………… overeating
② is …………… they ………overeating
③ is …………… it ………… from overeating
④ are …………… they ………overeating
⑤ are …………… it ………… from overeating
7. 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 골라 짝지은 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?
Russians are big *soap opera fans : one of the most popular TV shows that ever aired in Russia (A)
|
was/were |
|
married/married with |
|
interested/interesting |
* soap opera : 연속극
(A) (B) (C)
① was ------ married -------- interesting
② was ------ married with ---- interesting
③ was ------ married -------- interested
④ were ------ married with ---- interested
⑤ were ------ married -------- interesting
8. 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 골라 짝지은 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?
A scientist says that Cleopatra was really quite ugly. He bases his theory on the pictures of the queen that were (A) ( printed/printing ) on coins. During Cleopatra's days there (B) ( was/were ) a coin made in her honor. The picture on the coin shows a woman who is ugly. He doesn't think that the problem was caused by a bad engraver, (C) ( because/so ) ancient coins were normally quite correct.
(A) (B) (C)
① printed was because
② printed was so
③ printed were so
④ printing were so
⑤ printing was because
9. 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 골라 짝지은 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?
A shellfish is a water animal that has many legs. One of these animals (A) (is/are) a lobster which is a popular food. The lobster has only five pairs of legs. The thick legs can reach in front of the lobster's head and have huge claws on the ends. One of the two claws is heavy and has thick teeth that are (B) (using/used) to kill its prey. The other claw has sharp teeth for (C) (tear/tearing) the food into pieces.
(A) (B) (C)
① is using tear
② is used tearing
③ is used tear
④ are used tearing
⑤ are using tearing
10. 다음 글에서 줄친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
The Incas, Indians of Peru, were ① some of the most accomplished builders of their day. Their specialty was bridges. They were huge structures ② made of rope. But the rope ③ used for this purpose was very special. It was made from grass. The grass ④ was woven into ropes that were often as thick as an adult person's body. Most of them were over 100 feet long. Clearly, the building of bridges ⑤ were not a job that the Incas took lightly.
11. 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 골라 짝지은 것으로 가장 적절한 것은? (2점)
(A)
Einstein's idea of relativity is not easy for someone who is not an expert in mathematics. We can understand (B)
fully only by understanding the mathematical statements that explain it. Parts of the theory (C)
impossible to believe. But experiments proved they are true.
*relativity 상대성
(A) (B) (C)
① Understand it seem
② Understand them seems
③ Understanding it seem
④ Understanding them seems
⑤ Understanding it seems
12. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 줄친 부분 중 어법상 자연스럽지 못한 것은?
A long time ago, only the Native American people ① lived on the continent of North America. But then other people came here. These people ② came from Europe, all the way across the Atlantic Ocean. One of the first Europeans who came here ③ were a man ④ named Christopher Columbus. Columbus ⑤ was a sailor and also a dreamer, who dreamed about making a great voyage across the ocean.
13. 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 골라 짝지은 것으로 가 장 적절한 것은?
In the United States, there (A)
|
is / are |
|
Go / Going |
|
stop / stopping |
(A) (B) (C)
① is ---- Go ---- stop
② is ---- Go ---- stopping
③ is ---- Going ---- stop
④ are ---- Going ---- stop
⑤ are ---- Going ---- stopping
14. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? [2점]
Some people ① eats mostly "fast food." One study shows that ② many fast-food eaters have a lot in common with one another, but ③ they are very different from vegetarians. They are competitive and good at business. They are also usually in a hurry. Many fast-food eaters ④ might not agree with this description of their personalities, but it is ⑤ a common picture of them.
15. 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 골라 짝지은 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?1)
The concept of retirement is a modern one. In the 1870s, the German statesman Bismarck introduced 65 as the age at which citizens could stop (A) [working / to work] and receive a pension. The typical retirement age for men (B) [has / have] been set at around 65 in most developed countries since the Second World War. But in recent years, people have been retiring, willingly or unwillingly, (C) [very early / much earlier] - as young as 50 in some cases - than before. That's because many companies reduce the size of their workforce.
(A) (B) (C)
① working has very early
② working has much earlier
③ working have much earlier
④ to work have very early
⑤ to work have much earlier
16. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
A man was sitting ① drinking beer in a bar one day even though it was early in the morning. As he sat there ② he heard a bell ring. It was at the head of the procession which was taking a dead body to the graveyard. "③ Who is going to be buried?" asked the man. "That's ④ an old friend of you, sir. He ⑤ was killed suddenly last night as he sat drunk on a bench," said the bartender.
17. 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 골라 짝지은 것으로 가 장 적절한 것은 ?
These days McDonald's restaurants are so popular with people. Almost everyone in the United States has (A) [gone / been] to a McDonald's restaurant. Almost one-third of all hamburgers sold in the U.S. restaurants (B) [is / are] sold in McDonald's. A new McDonald's opens every 15 hours somewhere in the world, so (C) [whenever / wherever] you go, you might run into one.
(A) (B) (C)
① been is wherever
② gone are whenever
③ been are whenever
④ gone is whenever
⑤ been are wherever
18. 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 골라 짝지은 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?
Watching *fireflies (A) [is / are] one of the nicest things about summer evenings. Did you ever wonder why fireflies light up? Some scientists think the lights keep off birds that may (B) [eat / eating] them. Others think the fireflies use their lights (C) [say / to say] "Hello" to their friends.
*firefly: 반딧불
(A) (B) (C)
① is eating to say
② is eating say
③ is eat to say
④ are eat say
⑤ are eat to say
시제 : 수능과 모의고사에 출제된 시제 전반적인 골격은 과거와 현재완료, 과거와 과거완료의 구분이다. 이를 정확히 구별하는 것이 가장 중요하다.
1. 과거
: 과거의 한 시점에서 일어난 모든 상황은 과거로 나타낸다.
예를 들면, ago, last + 시간명사, yesterday, 지난 년도 등 과 거 시점에서 일어난 모든 시제는 과거로 나타낸다.
2. 현재완료 (have+p.p.)
: 과거의 일정 시점을 기준으로 현재까지 이르는 시제를 말한 다. 따라서 과거 → 현재까지의 시간의 과정을 나타내는 시제 이므로 명확한 과거를 나타내는 시간부사와는 쓸 수 없다.
ex) In the summer of 2001, he has visited Asan, Korea,
위 문장의 has visited는 현재완료이다. 현재완료는 시간의 과정을 말해주므로 In the summer of 2001 이라는 과거의 한 시점과는 쓸 수 없다. 따라서 visited, 과거로 고쳐야한다.
또한, 과거부터 현재에 이르는 시간의 과정을 나타내는 말이 함께 올 때는 현재완료를 써야한다. 예를 들면,
how long, for+숫자로 나타나는 시간단위, for a long time 등 시간상의 과정을 나타내는 말은 현재완료로 나타낸다.
특히 현재완료와 가장 많은 관련이 있는 since(～이후로, ～이래로)는 필히 숙지해 두어야 한다.
주어 + 현재완료(have+p.p.) ～ since + 주어 + 과거동사(과거시점). 또는, Since + 주어 + 과거동사(과거시점) 주어 + 현재완료(have+p.p.) ～ .
3. 과거완료 (had+p.p.)
: 과거시제의 글에서 그 과거 상황보다 어떤 상황이 먼저 일어난 경우는 반드시 과거완료로 나타낸다.
ex) yesterday I lost the book (that my father had bought me).
위 문장에서 lost는 과거에 일어난 일이다. 그런데 ‘잃어버린’ 시점보다 ‘책을 사준 상황이 더 빠르다’ 이때 한 상황이 먼저 일어난 경우는 과거완료(had+p.p.)로 반드시 나타내야 한다.
4. 가정법
① 주어 + suggest + (that) + 주어 + (should) + 동.원 ～ .
위 문장은 가정법의 한 변형된 형태로서 모의고사에 자주 출제되고 있다. suggest가 주절에 오고 다음 that 절에서 시제는 should + 동.원이 온다. 이때, should는 생략할 수 있다. 그외, suggest류의 동사는 insist, propose, order, advise, demand 등도 있다.
ex) He suggested that I sought the help of the goldsmith who had made it.
밑줄 친 sought는 (should) seek로 고쳐야한다.
그런데 시점이 달라질 경우 그렇지 않을 때도있다.
ex) Many witnesses insisted that the accident should take place on the crosswalk.
위 문장에서 목격자들의 주장과 사고가 일어난 시점은 분명 다르다. insisted는 과거이고 사고가 일어난 상황이 먼저이므로 이때는 should take를 had taken으로 한 시제 빠른 시제로 고쳐야 한다.
② It is (high) time (that) 주어 + 과거동사(= should + 동.원) ～ . (～할 때다)
ex) It is high time that you went to bed.
③ 가정법 과거
If + 주어 + 과거동사(were) ～ 주어 + 조동사의 과거 + 동.원 ～
위 문장에서는 반드시 주절에 조동사의 과거를 확인해야한다.
또한 If절에서 If가 생략되면 주어, 동사는 도치된다.
ex) If I had a bill larger than $20, I won't eat here
위 문장에서 won't는 would not로 고쳐야한다. 주절에 조동사의 과거를 반드시 확인해야한다.
④ 가정법 과거완료
If + 주어 + had + p.p ～ 주어 + 조동사의 과거 + have + p.p. ～
마찬가지로 If가 생략되면, had + 주어 + p.p.로 도치된다. 또한 주절의 조동사의 과거 다음 have + p.p.를 반드시 확인해야한다.
ex) Had this not happened, Johnny die then there.
① ②
①번 문장은 if가 생략되어 도치되었고, 과거완료시제이므로 ②번의 die는 would have died로 고쳐야 한다.
아직까지 가정법은 수능에 출제되지 않았으므로 출제가능성이 높은 문제이다. 충분히 연습을 해 둡시다.
수능기출 문제
[`02] 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter, ①who promotes Habitat for Humanity, has toured various countries ②since 1994. In the summer of 2001, he ③has visited Asan, Korea, to participate in a house-building project. It was part of Habitat for Humanity International's campaign ④to build houses for homeless people. He worked along with volunteers for the program, which is ⑤named after him―the Jimmy Carter Work Project 2001.
['97] 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 어법상 적절하지 않은 문장은?
① One day a truck hit a pedestrian on the street. ② The driver argued that the careless pedestrian was to blame for the accident. ③ It was difficult to determine exactly where the accident had taken place. ④ Many witnesses insisted that the accident should take place on the crosswalk. ⑤ So, the driver was held responsible for the accident.
['96-1] 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아 밑줄 친 부문을 고칠 필요가 있다면 가장 잘 고친 것은?
Robert was going steady with Susan and was thinking of marrying her. He wanted to know what kinds of girls her sisters were, what her father was like, and how long did her mother die.
① 고칠 필요 없음
② how long her mother has died
③ how long was her mother dead
④ how long ago did her mother die
⑤ how long her mother had been dead
【모의고사 기출 문제】
1. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 줄친 부분 중 어법상 자연스럽지 못한 것은?
Up to now comets ① have often been viewed as signs of future tragedy. In the 1830s, a New York farmer named William Miller told people that the world ② was soon going to end. Many people began to believe Miller when an unexpected comet ③ suddenly appeared in the sky in 1843. Miller's followers were confident ④ the world had ended on October 22, 1844. So many of them sold their possessions to pay off debts before that final day. They were shocked and disappointed when the sun ⑤ came up as usual on October 23.
2. 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 골라 짝지은 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?
Often, wisdom teeth cause so much pain as they come in that they have to (A) (pull out / be pulled out). The reason for that pain is because human skulls are shaped differently today than they (B) (are / were) many thousands of years ago. Primitive man's head was less rounded than ours, and his jaws were large enough (C) (having / to have) wisdom teeth. Our jaws are smaller, and often there's just no room for wisdom teeth.
*wisdom tooth : 사랑니
(A) (B) (C)
① pull out are having
② pull out were to have
③ be pulled out were having
④ be pulled out were to have
⑤ be pulled out are having
3. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 줄친 부분 중 어법상 자연스럽지 못한 것은?
① Most twins who grew up together are very close. John and Buell Fuller are ② 79-year-old identical twins. They ③ have always lived together, and ④ still did. They wear identical clothes and work together, too. They think ⑤ it is funny that people can't tell them apart. In fact, they like to confuse people.
4. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
Jogging is a popular sport. Since the 1960s, millions of Americans ① are taking it up. I ② started jogging because of my weight problem. I like being outdoors too. It ③ helps to relieve stress. Jogging doesn't ④ take much equipment. ⑤ All I need is loose clothing and good running shoes.
5. 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 골라 짝지은 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?1)
Most American families do a lot of things together when their children are young. For example, both the parents and children often enjoy (A) (going / to go) out to the movies or to a ballgame. These family trips usually continue until their children (B) (become / will become) teenagers; that's when young people usually start going out with their own friends. (C) (Have / Having) a driver's license makes it easy for teenagers to go out to parties, movies, and malls.
(A) (B) (C)
① to go become Have
② to go will become Having
③ going will become Have
④ going will become Having
⑤ going become Having
Claire ① has been a vegetarian since she was twenty. She decided to do so ② because of how she felt. As she told her doctor, she always felt tired. Her doctor found her blood cholesterol was high. Therefore, her doctor suggested that she ③ reduced meat, especially red meat. Claire decided to become a vegetarian. She bought a cookbook and stopped ④ eating meat. She still eats eggs and cheese occasionally; now, however, most of her food ⑤ consists of vegetables, fruits, and grains.
After the dishes were done, Micky and I would go into the living room and (A) sit near the heating stove, and Mother (B) would read to us from a story book. Micky and I (C) would be lonely those long nights when the cold wind (D) whistled around the home if it had not been for our fiends (E) who were in the stories.
① (A) ② (B) ③ (C) ④ (D) ⑤ (E)
8. 다음 글의 흐름을 보아, 밑줄 친 부분을 가장 잘 고친 것은?
Although Johnny had a stiff sneck, there was no indiction of polio and we were not to worry. Nothing at all alarming was indicated. But one of his classmates, observing his stiff neck, insisted on his seeing a doctor. Then, wisely, Dr. Johnson held him for observation. Had this not happened, Johnny die then there.
① died ② may die
③ had died ④ might die
⑤ might have died
9. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
A friend and I ①were standing in line at a fast food restaurant waiting to place our order. ②There was a sign posted: "No bills larger than $20 ③will be accepted." The woman in front of us turned to me and, ④pointing to the sign, remarked, "If I had a bill larger than $20, I ⑤won't eat here."
10. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 어색한 것은?
In 1893, U.S. President Grover Cleveland ①was informed that he had cancer. Surgery was done on Cleveland on his own yacht. Most of his upper left jaw ②was removed. The president insisted that the operation ③had been kept secret. He was afraid that worries about his health might make worse the difficult economic problems the country ④was facing at the time. Cleveland was fitted with an artificial jaw made of hard rubber, and no one ⑤seemed to notice the difference. The secret was not revealed until 1917.
11. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 어색한 것은?
The main reason I am against capital punishment is that it is very easy for the law to make mistakes. I remember ① hearing of the case of Timothy Evans who ② was hanged for a murder that he had not committed. Some years later, the real murderer ③ was discovered. Very recently there have been two cases of men ④ released from prison long after it was discovered that they had not committed the murders. If they had lived in the days of capital punishment, they ⑤ were already died.
12. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 어색한 것은?
In 1853 Levi Strauss moved to San Francisco and ① started a business selling supplies to the miners. One day ② a man, whose name was Jacob Davis, wrote him a letter. He suggested that ③ Levi made pants with strong seams for miners, because working at a mine was very difficult. He said that putting metal rivets on the pockets ④ would make them very strong. ⑤ Levi liked the idea and hired the man.
13. 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 골라 짝지은 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?
Years ago, I bought my mother a gold necklace. She loved its delicate pattern and wore it often until one day it disappeared. (A)
|
Despite / though |
(A) (B) (C)
① Despite repaired seek
② Despite repairing sought
③ Though repaired sought
④ Though repairing seek
⑤ Though repairing sought
14. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
Most smokers suffer from heart diseases ①as well as lung cancers. ②Besides, second-hand smokers are harmed as much as the smokers themselves although they do not smoke. Some smokers say they help the economy of their country ③by paying the tax included in the price of the cigarettes. However, the government ④has to pay a large amount of money for the health insurance of the smokers. It is high time smokers ⑤stop smoking.
수동태 : 수동태는 be+p.p 형태이다. 따라서 be(get) 동사의 여부를 반드시 확인해야 한다. 또한 목적어가 없는 1, 2형식동사는 수동태로 나타낼 수 없는 것이 원칙이다.
예를 들면, appear, look, seem (～처럼 보이다) 등은 수동태로 쓰일 수 없다. 즉, be appeared to, be looked (like), be seemed to 로 나타낼 수 없는 것이 원칙이다.
또한 사유동사 think, believe, suppose, guess, imagine 과 know, expect 등은 주어가 사물이면 수동태로 나타낸다.
수동태와 관련하여 가장 많이 출제된 형태로는 use와 관련된 용법이다. 다음을 반드시 구분하여 외워 두도록 합시다.
① used to + 동.원 : ～하곤 했다 (과거에는) ～했었다
② be used to + 동.원 : ～하는데 사용되다
③ be(=get) used to + ～ing(명사) : ～하는데 익숙하다
= be accustomed to
위 ① ② ③ 중에서 be동사가 있고 없음을 확실히 알아두자.
수동태는 일반적으로 수능 및 모의고사 문법 문제를 종합해 보면, 가장 많이 출제되었다. 기본적인 형태를 숙지하고 특히 무생물이 주어일 때는 수동태로 나타낼지를 생각해 보아야 한다.
※이것만은 꼭 알아 두자.
동사에 줄쳐 있으면 세가지 확인
문법은 동사와 관련된 문제가 가장 많이 출제되었다. 이것이 전체 수능 문법에 80%이상을 차지한다고 해도 과언이 아니다.
지금까지, 2과～4과 까지 배운 것을 바탕으로 다음을 꼭 확인하자.
문법문제에 접했을 때, 동사에 밑줄이 있을 때 세 가지를 확인하자.
첫째, 수의 일치이다.
- 주어를 찾아 그 동사의 수가 일치되었는지를 확인해야한다. 즉, 단수, 복수 형태가 올바른가를 확인한다.
둘째, 시제 확인이다.
- 시제가 올바른지를 반드시 확인한다.
세째, 수동태 확인이다.
- 수동태는 be + p.p. 즉, 수동태로 나타내야 할지를 꼭 확인하자. 항상, 이상 세 가지를 버릇처럼 확인하라. 거의 어법상 어색한 부분은 세 가지 중 80%는 잘못 나타내어져 있다.
수능 기출 문제
['98] 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 자연스럽지 못한 것은?
① Starting up a store requires as much as $200,000. Raising that kind of money is difficult. ② for someone without a business record because ③ the flow of venture capital has dried up. In 1996, ④ the amount of venture capital fell 53% from the previous year, to $202 million. This year ⑤ the numbers expect to show a steeper decline.
[‘94 2차-2] 글의 흐름으로 보아, 밑줄 친 부분을 고칠 필요가 있는지를 결정하고, 필요가 있다면 가장 잘 고쳐진 것은?
Everyone told me that when I turned fifteen some great internal change would occur. I truly expected it to occur, but nothing happened. When I asked my grandmother, however, I replied, "Yes, I do feel a great change has taken place."
① 고칠 필요 없음 ② I asked to
③ I was asked ④ asked by
⑤ being asked
[‘94 1차 -1] 다음 글을 읽고, 밑줄 친 부분 중 어색한 부분이 있는지를 결정하고, 만약 있다면 그 부분을 고르시오.
(A) A check was once returned to a millionaire from a bank. (B) It bore a stamped imprint: "Insufficient Funds." (C) Beneath the stamped imprint was a notation from the bank in ink. (D) It was appeared to read, "Not you - us!"
① (A) ② (B) ③ (C) ④ (D) ⑤ 어색한 부분 없음
【모의고사 기출 문제】
1. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 자연스럽지 못한 것은?
Palmer was born in 1883. in England. In 1913 she and ①her husband, Frank, moved to Canada. Soon they moved on to California, where her husband ②helped build the Los Angeles electric train system. Unfortunately, Frank couldn't enjoy a long life with her. ③Alone for almost twenty years now, Palmer stays active and involved. ④When asking about the secret to her long life, Palmer says that learning something new every day ⑤keeps a person young.
2. 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 골라 짝지은 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?
Many people dream about making a lot of money all of a sudden. That is what (A)
|
happened/was happened |
|
him/himself |
|
it /them |
(A) (B) (C)
① happened himself it
② was happened him them
③ happened him them
④ happened him it
⑤ was happened himself it
3. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 자연스럽지 못한 것은?
Have you ever wished for a magic medicine that ①would let you live happily forever? If you have, ②don't feel alone! It's a very common, natural wish that ③has a long history. Spanish explorers of the sixteenth century even ④tried to find a fountain of youth in what is now the state of Florida. The water of this legendary fountain, which no one has yet found, ⑤believed to give back youth and good health to those who drank it.
4. 글의 흐름으로 보아 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 어색한 것은?
As Gandhi ①got on a train one day, one of his shoes slipped off and landed on the track. He ②was unable to regain it as the train was moving. To the amazement of his companions, Gandhi calmly ③took off his other shoe and threw it back along the track to land close to the first. ④Asking a fellow passenger why he did so, Gandhi smiled. "The poor man who finds the shoe ⑤lying on the track," he replied, "will now have a pair he can use."
5. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 자연스럽지 못한 것은?
Some insects produce a cold, chemical light. In most cases, this light is produced ①to attract a mate. In others ②it used to frighten away animals which would otherwise eat the insect. A special kind of beetle, for instance, which lives in the jungles of South America ③has two great spots of light just behind its head. To any animal ④coming across the beetle at night, these spots look like enormous shining eyes-and the beetle ⑤is not attacked.
6. 각 ( ) 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 골라 짝지은 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?
We sing the old memorial songs of our Lakota people. These songs have (A)
|
passed/been passed |
|
sing/singing |
|
pride/proud |
(A) (B) (C)
① passed ........... singing ..............pride
② passed ........... sing ............. pride
③ been passed .. singing ............. pride
④ been passed .... sing ............ proud
⑤ been passed .... singing ........... proud
7. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
① One of the most important contributions to world architecture, the skyscraper, ② developed in the United States. After a great fire ③ destroyed much of Chicago in 1871, the city became a center of skyscraper designs during its rebuilding. ④ Building upward meant that only a small piece of land had to ⑤ be used to housing many people or business.
8. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 밑줄 친 분분 중 어법상 자연스럽지 못한 것은?
Every year hundreds of visitors to national parks ①are injured by wild animals. They are urged to follow the rules ②posted for their own benefit. They are warned not to wander from the area marked for visitors. They ③ask not to feed any animals because feeding them removes their fear of humans. ④ When animals learn they can get food from people, they ⑤become bolder and more forceful.
9. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 밑줄 친 분분 중 어법상 자연스럽지 못한 것은?
The marathon race is named after a plain in Ancient Greece ①calling Marathon. In 490 B.C., ②the Athenians defeated the Persians in a battle at Marathon. Before the battle, the Greek's fastest runner, Pheidippides. ③ went to Sparta to call for help. He then went to Marathon ④and fought in the battle. Then, Pheidippides ran the 40 kilometers to Athens, shouted, "Rejoice, we conquer," ⑤and fell to the ground.
10. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 자연스럽지 못한 것은?
How will Asia provide the region's ①growing elderly population with the health services, financial support and personal care they will need? Japanese Prim Minister in July 2000 said that Japanese workers ②ought to be allowed to work until age of 70 instead of ③forcing to retire by 60 or 65. Japan is ④changing its pension system to provide full benefits to ⑤those who retire at 65, up from the current 60.
11. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
There was ①a great deal of excitement in town the other day. A horse got out of a farm and ②came into town. It walked across the school grounds and through several busy streets, and then it ③lay down in the middle of Main street. All traffic stopped, and quite a few people ④tried to lead it away, but no one could move it. However, when a farmer ⑤ was appeared, it got up and followed him.
12. 다음 글의 줄친 부분 중 어법상 자연스럽지 못한 것은?
A car is really a consumer product. That is, it is made for people ① to use directly and it is not ② used to making other products. Of course, it is ③ one of the biggest and most expensive of all consumer products. It is also a very complex piece of machinery. It ④ consists of thousands of parts that must work together. All these parts are made in thousands of factories and then they ⑤ are finally brought to one place to be assembled into a car.
13. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 줄친 부분 중 어법상 자연스럽지 못한 것은?
Years ago, the United States Mint asked Anthony if he would ① try to design a new silver dollar. Anthony said yes. It was a great honor for him to ② ask to do such a thing. Anthony decided he would ③ put Miss Liberty on one side of the coin. His young wife, Teresa, was the model for Miss Liberty. When ④ Anthony's design was accepted, Teresa's face ⑤ began appearing on silver dollars.
14. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 줄친 부분 중 어법상 자연스럽지 못한 것은?
Some experts are ① so convinced that colors have strong effect on us that they believe colors ② can use to heal. They say that ③ by concentrating our thoughts on certain colors, we can ④ make energy go to the parts of the body that need treatment. For example, white light is said to be cleansing, and it can ⑤ balance the body's entire system.
15. 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 골라 짝지은 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?
Those who don't eat meat are (A) [calling / called] vegetarians. In fact, there are may different kinds of vegetarians. Some people call (B) [them / themselves] vegetarians because they avoid red meat. Others refuse to eat (C) [anything / nothing] made from any fish or animal. Strict vegetarians don't even eat eggs or dairy products.
(A) (B) (C)
① calling them anything
② calling themselves nothing
③ called them anything
④ called themselves anything
⑤ called themselves nothing
16. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 줄친 부분 중 어법상 자연스럽지 못한 것은?
Cash is ① a good way to make small purchases, but carrying large amounts of cash is dangerous. Cash can be lost or stolen. ② Cash should never send in the mail. The most convenient method of payment is by personal check. We open a checking account at a bank ③ by depositing money. The bank provides a checkbook of personal checks ④ with our name and address on them. The person ⑤ to whom we write a check takes the check to his own bank and deposits it into his own account, or receives the cash amount.
17. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 줄친 부분 중 어법상 자연스럽지 못한 것은?
I worked for a construction company. Once I ① was laying a drain pipe across a college campus. ② While working, I uncovered a power cable ③ lying directly in our path. I suspected it was only a dead line, however, to be safe, I called the campus electrical department and ④ was asked someone to identify it. An electrician arrived, looked at the cable and ⑤ assured us it was dead. "Just cut it our of your way," he said. "Are you sure there's no danger?" I asked. "I'm sure," he replied.
18. 다음 각 빈칸에 맞는 표현을 골라 짝지은 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?
In Japanese society, the group is usually favored over the individual. Once you belong to a group, you (A) (ask / are asked) to follow the group's standards. And being the same as others becomes extremely important. (B) (It means / They mean) that every Japanese looks, thinks and acts alike. Ijime is a tool which is often used to (C) (maintain / maintaining) this harmony.
(A) (B) (C)
① ask It means maintaining
② ask They mean maintain
③ ask They mean maintaining
④ are asked It means maintaining
⑤ are asked It means maintain
19. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
It ①used to be fashionable for women ②to have small waists. They often wore tight clothes around their middles ③to make them thinner. A woman with a very thin waist ④was said to be "wasp-waisted" because her body ⑤was looked like the body of a wasp. The wasp is an insect with a very thin middle. *wasp 말벌
20. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
There's a town in Canada that ① didn't have TV until only a few years ago. Researchers compared the people in that town ② to people in two towns that had had TV for 40 years. They found that people who watch a lot of TV ③ are not as creative as people who don't watch much.
For example, the researchers ④were given some problem-solving tests to children. The children who didn't watch much TV had more ideas about how to solve the problems than children who watched a lot. They were also ⑤ faster at thinking of ideas.
21. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
The space shuttle is a reusable spacecraft ① designed to be launched into orbit by rocket and then to return to the earth. It ② is used to transporting people and cargo to and from orbit around the earth. The shuttle ③ was developed by NASA in the 1970s. It was made to replace the expensive booster rockets that ④ could only be used once. The first shuttle to be launched was the Colombia in 1981. Since that time, the shuttle ⑤ has proved its value for scientific and other uses many times.
22. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
Arnold Schwarzenegger ① was born in 1947. He enjoyed ② playing sports as a child, and he began ③ lifting weights to build up his strength for soccer and swimming. Then, when he was around 15 years old, he started ④ to lift weights seriously for the purpose of body building. When he was 18, he became the Junior Mr. Europe Champion. In 1970, he made a comedy ⑤ calling Hercules in New York.
23. 다음 글에서 줄친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
Shakespeare ① is well-known as the greatest English poet and dramatist. His plays ② have been translated into every important language. And now they ③ read and perform all over the world. Shakespeare did not write his plays ④ to be read but to be acted. Therefore, the best way to know him is ⑤ to see one or more of his plays on the stage or screen.
24. 다음 글에서 줄친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
Michael Pitt is 86 years old. He ① has just run the last ten kilometers of the marathon race. It took him one hour and ten minutes ② to run the ten kilometers. After his run, he went to the medical center to have his blood pressure ③ checked. The nurse was surprised and pleased to see that his blood pressure was normal. She told him that his blood pressure was normal. Then she said, " I wish mine ④ were that good." Michael Pitt ⑤ has known as the great-grandfather of a marathon. He ran the entire course of a marathon 61 times.
준동사 : 준동사라 하면 원래 동사였던 것이 다른 품사로 전환된 것을 말한다. 한 문장내에는 단 하나의 동사가 있어야 하는데, 그 동사를 정동사라 하고, 부정사, 동명사, 분사는 다른 품사로 전환된 것이다. 따라서 동사에 준하는 위 세 가지를 준동사 또는 부정(不定)동사라 한다.
이를테면, 한 문장에 동사가 두 개라면, 하나는 정동사이고, 나머지 하나는 다른 품사로 바뀌어져야 한다. 즉, 부정사, 동명사, 분사로 전환되어야 함을 말한다. 이는 기본적으로 반드시 알아 두어야 한다.
ex) He saw me and came ran towards me.
위 문장에서 and를 기준으로 두 문장이 합쳐져 있다. came도 ran도 동사이다. came은 정동사(단 하나 있어야하는 동사)이고 ran은 다른 품사로 바뀌어져야 한다. 문맥상 ran은 running으로 고쳐야 맞다.
이러한 기본적인 사항은 꼭 알아두도록 하자.
수능과 모의고사에 가장 많이 출제된 준동사와 관련된 것은 to부정사가 올 때와 동명사(～ing)가 올 때 뜻이 달라지는 동사들에 대한 물음이었다.
일단, 다음을 필히 숙지하고 각 준동사들의 중요사항을 배워 보도록 하자.
stop + to R : ～하기위해 멈추다
stop + ～ing : ～하던 것을 멈추다
remember + to R : (미래) ～할 것을 기억하다(잊지 않다)
remember + ～ing : (과거) ～한 것을 기억하다(잊지 않다)
forget + to R : (미래) ～할 것을 잊어버리다
forget + ～ing : (과거) ～한 것을 잊어버리다
try + to R : ～하려고 애쓰다, 노력하다
try + ～ing : 시험삼아 ～해 보다
위의 각 동사들은 그냥 암기하는 것 보다 직접 문제를 풀면서 필히 연습해 두기 바랍니다.
1. to 부정사
- 명사, 형용사, 부사로서의 역할을 하지만, 출제 경향에 따르면 명사의 역할에 중점 을 두어야 한다. 주어, 보어, 목적어 역할 - 진주어, 진목적어역할
② 의미상 주어
for + 목적격 + to R (일반적)
of + 목적격 + to R (성질, 성격의 형용사일 때)
③ 부정 - 모든 준동사의 not의 위치는 바로 준동사 직전에 둔다.
not to + 동.원 : 부정할 때 to 앞에 not이 위치함
③ to 부정사와 관련된 중요한 문구
․형․부 + enough to + 동.원 (○) - 형용사, 부사 위치 꼭 확인할 것
enough + 형․부 + to +동.원 (×)
enough + 명 + to + 동.원 (○)
- enough 다음에 명사가 오는 형태를 더 많이 쓰임
명 + enough to + 동.원 (△) - 잘 안 쓰이는 형태
․It takes + 목적격 + 시간 + to + 동.원 : ～가 to 이하 하는데 시간이 걸리다
= It takes + 시간 + for + 목적격 + to + 동.원 - 순서 확인
2. 동명사
① 명사로서의 역할
주어, 보어, 동사의 목적어, 전치사의 목적어 역할
② 의미상 주어 - 소유격이 원칙 (목적격도 됨)
- to 부정사처럼 for, of을 쓰지 않고 단지, 소유격으로 나타낸 다. 전치사 + 소유격 + ～ing
③ 부정
not ～ing : 부정할 때 동명사 앞에 not이 위치함
④ 동명사와 관련된 중요 문구 - 반드시 암기해 둘 것
- to 부정사와 구별하여 to 다음에 ing를 쓰는 전치사 to
․look forward to + ～ing : ～를 학수고대하다
․devote A to + ～ing : A를 ～하는데 바치다
․object to + ～ing : ～를 반대하다
3. 분사 - 형용사 역할(명사를 수식하는 경우에 중점)
현재분사(～ing) : 능동, 진행 과거분사(p.p.) : 수동, 완료
※ 현재분사나 과거분사가 명사 뒤에서 명사를 수식하는 경우 : 후치수식
생략 : 명사 + (관계대명사 + be동사) + 현재분사(과거분사)
위의 생략 부분을 특히 유의하라.
수능기출 문제
[`02] 각 괄호 안에 어법에 맞는 표현을 골라 짝지은 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?
When you attempt to do something and fail, you have to ask (A) (you / yourself) why you have failed to do what you intended. (B) (Answer / Answering) this question in a new, unexpected way is the essential creative act. (C) (It / They) will improve your chances of succeeding next time.
(A) (B) (C)
① you Answer It
② you Answering They
③ yourself Answer They
④ yourself Answering It
⑤ yourself Answering They
['00] 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 자연스럽지 못한 것은?
At the zoo, Simba the lion was very sick. The animal doctor came and tried giving him some red meat ① full of medicine. Poor Simba did not even raise his head. Finally, Simba ② stopped to breathe. The doctor said, ③ with tears in his eyes. "I regret to tell you that Simba is dead." The little children ④ were very shocked to hear it. "I feel like I've lost an old friend. I can remember ⑤ reporting Simba's birth," said a reporter.
['95-2] 글의 흐름으로 보아, 밑줄 친 부분을 고칠 필요가 있는지를 알아보고, 필요가 있다면 가장 잘 고쳐진 것은?
The most effective way to lose weight is to stay on a balanced diet. If you want to diet, you should consult a physician because it is difficult for selecting a proper diet.
① 고칠 필요 없음 ② for him to select
③ to select for yourself ④ for his selecting
⑤ to have you selected
[모의고사 기출 문제]
When you go to the interview, the employer's first impression of you will be based on your appearance, or (A) how you look. So (B) give some care to your clothes. You should, of course, take a bath before you (C) dress for an interview. Some people (D) forget doing this. Their body odor may end any chance of (E) being hired.
① (A) ② (B) ③ (C) ④ (D) ⑤ (E)
2. 다음 괄호 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 골라 짝지은 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?
Weeds cause trouble for garden plants in many ways. some weeds steal the water and minerals from the soil. They don't leave anything for the garden plants (A) ( use / to use ). Others wrap themselves around plants and kill (B) ( them / themselves ). But there are ways to keep these killers out of a garden. The easiest way is to simply get rid of them. But (C) ( pull / pulling ) them out can be too much work in a large garden. so some gardeners use chemicals to kill weeds.
(A) (B) (C)
① use them pulling
② use themselves pull
③ to use themselves pull
④ to use them pulling
⑤ to use themselves pulling
(A) Never force yourself to read a book that you do not enjoy. There are so many books in the world that (B) it is foolish to waste time on one that does not give you pleasure. If you have chosen a book in good faith and (C) have found it unsatisfactory after a fair trial, (D) put it back on the self and (E) devote your time instead to read something else that will bear you richer fruit.
① (A) ② (B) ③ (C) ④ (D) ⑤ (E)
4. 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 골라 짝지은 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?
(A) [Eat / Eating] small amounts of lead can cause lead poisoning. Layers of paint on the walls of many houses built before 1940 may have a high lead content. Most modern indoor paint does not contain lead, but outdoor paint may. A simple blood test can (B) [detect / be detected] lead poisoning. Children who live in old houses should be tested regularly. If they are found to have lead in their bodies, children can be treated with medicines that remove (C) [it / them]
(A) (B) (C)
① Eat detect it
② Eat be detected it
③ Eating detect it
④ Eating detect them
⑤ Eating be detected them
5. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 어법상 적절하지 않은 문장은?
Man cannot live without society any more than fish ① can live without water. We, therefore, ② should be of some service to our society in return. To maintain social order, we should be citizens ③ who obey the law. We should make social welfare system better in order to take care of the poor and needy. To leave our offspring a better living environment, we should ④ stop to pollute. Only by doing so ⑤ can we feel relaxed believing that our society will remain harmonious and prosperous.
6. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 밑줄 친 부분을 가장 잘 고친 것은?
Destruction by fire has been a problem since civilization began. This dreaded enemy has yet to be conquered. You can help prevent fire, though, by looking for potential fire hazards in your home. Do you put away piles of papers that might easily catch on fire? Do you keep baking soda near the stove to use for putting out kitchen fires? Doing these can keep fires start in your home.
① keep fire to start ② keep fires starting
③ keep fires from starting ④ be kept fires starting
⑤ be kept fires from starting
7. 각 빈칸 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 골라 짝지은 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?
It is not easy to be honest with oneself. In fact, it is very difficult. Shakespeare told us that above all we must be true to ourselves and then we cannot be false to any man. then, if we really want to be honest with ourselves, we must stop (A) [to make / making] an excuse. Instead, let's (B) [admit / to admit] our mistake or failure. And then, let's go on, trying (C) [to do / doing] better.
(A) (B) (C)
① to make to admit to do
② to make admit doing
③ making to admit doing
④ making admit to do
⑤ making admit doing
8. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 자연스럽지 못한 것은?
Recently I was ①unfortunate enough to be in a store when a robbery took place. On my way home from work, I ②stopped buying a loaf of bread. As I entered a store, ③a man standing nearby pulled out a gun and yelled, "Everyone, on the floor and away from the cash register!" Around me, people ④lay down on the floor. I was bigger and stronger than he was. But his gun was bigger and stronger ⑤than I was.
9. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 자연스럽지 못한 것은?
Most of the food in the supermarkets is very attractive. People ①stop looking at products in attractive containers. If they don't ②look carefully at the prices and the contents of each container, they might ③spend more money. The next time you are in the supermarket, pay attention to how the products ④are arranged on the shelves. Remember that many products will say, "Buy me!" ⑤Stop and think. Which ones are the best value for your money?
10. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 자연스럽지 못한 것은?
Are you the type who worries about things like these: Did I set the alarm clock? Did I turn off the oven? Did I lock the door? Just ①stop worrying about these things. If you ②forget locking your door, and ③the house is robbed, I assure you you'll never ④lease it open again. If you are late to work once because you didn't set your alarm, you won't ⑤make that mistake again.
11. 다음 글의 흐름을 보아, 밑줄 친 부분을 가장 잘 고친 것은?
The large amounts of chemicals in the water encourage the growth of the alga. The animals that feed on water plants cannot keep up with this rapid growth and soon the water becomes full of algae. As the alga die, poisonous substances are produced. These substances use up all oxygen in the water, making impossible for fish breathe. Eventually, river or lake become broken down.
① making it possible for fish to breathe
② made it impossible for fish to breathe
③ to make it possible for fish to breathe
④ making it impossible for fish to breathe
⑤ to make it impossible for fish to breathe
12. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 어색한 것은?
I ①was born in 1960. My parents named me Cynthia Lee, after my mother. They had named me John after my father, but I turned out ②to be a girl. I'm not sure what "Cynthia" means, but I think it ③comes from the Greek and has some connection to the moon. When I was growing up, I found it hard ④pronounce my name ― especially the th. Whenever I tried to say Cynthia, it ⑤came out more like ― SIN-TEE. So as a little girl I called myself Sinty.
13. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 줄친 부분 중 어법상 자연스럽지 못한 것은?
One day many people ① were waiting to see President Lincoln. But one old man ② kept on talking with the President about nothing very important for a long time. He told the President very proudly ③ who his grandfather was and what he did. When the old man ④ stopped to tell the long story, Lincoln said, "I don't care what my grandfather did. I only care ⑤ what his grandson will be."
14. 각 빈칸 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 골라 짝지은 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?
Hikers should always inform someone (A) [where they are / where are they] going and when they expect to return. You may inform a friend of yours of hiking plans. If a friend is not available, an authority, such as a ranger, should be informed. The plans should be written out and the information (B) [leaves / left] at the ranger station. Also, you should not forget (C) [to inform / informing] the ranger when the hiking has been completed.
① where they are leaves to inform
② where they are left informing
③ where they are left to inform
④ where are they leaves informing
⑤ where are they left informing
15. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 어법상 자연스럽지 못한 것은?
Alice and I ① fell in love with each other. But my parents were not very happy at the thought of ② their son's having a girlfriend at the age of 15. So I had to start making all kinds of excuses in order to meet her. I ③ was supposed to go to water polo practice every day but I met her in a park instead of going to the pool. One day I ④ forgot wetting my swimming suit and towel before going home, so my parents ⑤ came to know I didn't go to the pool.
16. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
Storms affect birds in a variety of ways. When a storm ① is approaching, birds may ② stop to fly and rest nearby trees. If the coming storm is a severe one, the birds may fly off to an area where the weather is clear. Birds may ③ appear uneasy and nervous when a storm is on its way. They might ④become noisier. When a snowstorm is coming, birds may eat more, too. They seem to realize that food ⑤ might be difficult to get for a while.
17. 각 빈칸 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 골라 짝지은 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?
The morning generally (A) [consists / is consisted] of hard work on the film set. I don't always work in the mornings because the director sometimes requires special lighting conditions; consequently, we often work (B) [late / lately] at night. In the evening, I always put my son to bed; I generally read him a story because he will not go to sleep without one of us (C) [to be / being] with him. Then I don't do anything else for the rest of the evening.
① consists late being
② consists late to be
③ consists lately being
④ is consisted lately to be
⑤ is consisted late being
18. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분이 어법상 어색한 곳을 고르시오.
① Every Sunday Bob and Jack like ② watching a football game. Bob always ③ remembers to take his hat, but Jack sometimes ④ forgets taking his hat. Last Sunday they went to town ⑤ to watch a football game.
19. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분이 어법상 어색한 곳을 고르시오.
I crossed the street to avoid meeting him, but he saw me and ① came ran towards me. It was no use pretending that I ② had not seen him, so I waved to him. I never enjoy ③ meeting him. ④ No matter how busy you are, he always insists on coming with you. I had to think of a way of keeping him ⑤ from following me around all morning.
1. 간접 의문문
실제 수능에 출제된 것은 간접의문문이지만, 접속사, 관계대명사와 관련된 문제가 모의고사에서 많이 출제되므로 함께 알아둘 필요가 있다.
다른 문장과 결합이 되는 의문문의 어순은 항상 평서문 어순이 된다.
(의문사 + 주어 + 동사)
ex) If you know which way is south, then you also know that north is in the opposite direction.
위 문장에서 you know + which way is south 두 문장이 결합이 되어있다. ‘남쪽이 어느쪽인지 여러분이 안다’라는 문장이 되어야하므로 어순은, you know which way south is. 로 되어야 한다.
2. 접속사
기본적인 틀은 동사가 두개인 문장은 반드시 접속사가 하나 있어야 한다는 것.
ex) It had rained all night, the soil was muddy.
위 문장을 보고 바로 잘못되었다는 것을 알아야 한다. 콤마가 있는 두 문장에 접속사가 없다. 따라서 앞의 문장을 분사구문으로 고치든지, 접속사를 넣어야한다.
그외, 접속사의 종류와 그 뜻을 반드시 알아두자.
3. 관계대명사
- 접속사와 대명사의 역할을 하는 관계대명사는 주격, 목적격, 보격의 역할을 한다.
단순한 접속사와 관계대명사는 그 절에서 역할을 할 수 있느냐의 차이이다. 접속사는 두 문장을 연결해 줄 뿐, 아무런 역할(주격, 목적격등)을 하지 않는다. 그러나, 관계대명사는 반드시 그 관계대명사절에서 역할을 하고있다. 이러한 차이를 반드시 알아 두어야한다. 그러면 단순한 접속사 자리인지, 관계대명사 자리인 지를 쉽게 알 수 있다.
관계대명사가 하나 있으면, 반드시 동사는 두개가 있어야 한다.
특히 관계대명사는 선행사를 반드시 확인해야 한다. 선행사가 없인 관계대명사는 존재하지 않는다. 다만, 관계대명사 what 은 선행사가 자체 포함되어있다. 따라서 what 앞에는 선행사가 있어선 안된다. 그 문장은 틀린 문장이다.
ex) As he was very hungry, he ate all what they gave him.
위 문장에서 관계대명사 앞의 all은 what의 선행사 역할을 하고 있다. 이미 what 안에 all that, the thing which의 의미를 포함하고 있으므로 all이 오면 틀린 문장이 된다.
수능기출 문제
[‘01] 다음 글에서 줄친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
Yesterday I went to a bookstore ① to buy a book about computers. I asked a clerk ② where did they have books about computers. She said that ③ they were on the second floor. ④ I was surprised that there were a large number of books. It took me a long time ⑤ to find one that was for beginners like me.
[모의고사 기출 문제]
1. 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 골라 짝지은 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?
Your team will quickly learn (A)
|
what / that |
|
smell / smelling |
|
cause / causes |
(A) (B) (C)
① what smell cause
② what smelling cause
③ what smelling causes
④ that smell cause
⑤ that smelling causes
2. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아 밑줄 친 부분을 가장 잘 고친 것은?
My brother had just moved into his own apartment and was disappointed that the new dishwasher didn't seem to work well. Later that month he was invited to dinner at a friend's home. He and his friend's mother chattered about how was a dishwasher convenient, and she added, "But the soap is pretty expensive." My brother, with realization dawning in his eyes, said, "Soap?"
① 고칠 필요 없음
② how was a convenient dishwasher
③ how a dishwasher was convenient
④ how convenient a dishwasher was
⑤ how convenient was a dishwasher
3. 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 골라 짝지은 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?
I am not an optimist, because I am not sure that everything ends well. (So / Nor) am I a pessimist, because I am not sure that everything ends badly. I just carry it in my heart. It is a feeling that life and work have a meaning. You either have it (or / and) you don't, regardless of the state of the world that surrounds you. Life without it is an empty, (bored / boring) and useless life. I cannot imagine that I could strive for something if did not carry it in me. I am thankful to God for this gift. It is as big a gift as life itself.
① Nor - or - boring
② Nor - and - bored
③ Nor - or - bored
④ So - and - bored
⑤ So - and - boring
As I was very busy in my shop, my daughters, eight and ten years old, (A) offered to make our lunch. When I went to the kitchen to see (B) how were they doing, I was surprised to see the two of them (C) cutting up onions while wearing swimming goggles (D) so as not to cry.
① 어색한 부분 없음 ② (A) ③ (B) ④ (C) ⑤ (D)
5. 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 골라 짝지은 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?
John greeted Moira and asked (A) [how she was / how was she]. She told him she was fine and asked about him. He said he felt wonderful (B) [why / because] they were together again. He added that it had been a long time since their holiday in Paris. She said she had loved every minute in Paris and that she would never forget it. She asked if they could go back there next spring. He said that he loved her. He asked if she would (C) [marry / marry with] him and come to Paris with him for their honeymoon. She said that she would and that she loved him, too.
① how she was because marry with
② how she was because marry
③ how she was why marry with
④ how was she why marry with
⑤ how was she because marry
6. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아 어법상 적절하지 않은 문장은?
① For thousand of years, people have looked up at the night sky and looked up at the moon. ② They wondered what the moon was made of. ③ They wanted to know how big was it and how far away was it. ④ One of the most interesting questions was "Where did the moon come from?" ⑤ No one knew for sure.
7. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
Scientific research satellites travel in space ①collecting information for scientists. They observe other planets, stars, and the sun. They record important information that ②is used to understand the solar system better. Weather satellites also ③ help scientists study changes in the Earth's weather. These satellites record images of clouds and storms ④that are coming. They send weather forecasts back down to Earth. Therefore, we can know ⑤what will the weather be like tomorrow.
8. 다음 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 골라 짝지은 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?
Ancient Egypt was a rich country because of its grain. Traders from all over the world went there to buy grain. In the granaries cats were used to (A) (keep / keeping) rats and mice away from the grain. Traders who came to Egypt managed to steal cats. They wanted cats to kill the rats (B) (eating / eaten) their food supplies on their ships. They also found that they could sell the cats they had stolen in the European and British ports (C) (which / what) they visited.
(A) (B) (C)
① keep eating which
② keep eating what
③ keep eaten what
④ keeping eaten which
⑤ keeping eating what
As my word-base broadened, I could for the first time ① pick up a book and now understand ② what is the book saying. Anyone who has read a great deal can imagine the new world that opened up. ③ Let me tell you something: from then on, in every free moment I had, ④ if I was not reading in the library, I was reading in my bed. No one could make me ⑤ stop reading books.
10. 다음 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 골라 짝지은 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?
The waiter asked her (A) [if / that] she would have a drink. "I never drink anything for luncheon," she said. "(B) [So / Neither] do I," I answered promptly. "Except white wine," she proceeded as though I (C) [had / have] not spoken. "These French white wines are so light. They're wonderful for the digestion."
① if So had
② if Neither had
③ if So have
④ that Neither have
⑤ that So had
11. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 자연스럽지 못한 것은?
Gulliver ①could make the little men understand that he needed food and drink, and they climbed on his body and ②brought him bread, meat and wine. As he was very hungry, he ate ③all what they gave him. But the wine contained something that ④made him go to sleep, and while he was sleeping, the little men ⑤got him onto a kind of cart they had made.
12. 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 골라 짝지은 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?
In 1926, there was a double tragedy in her life (A) (why / because) his much-loved moths died. Agatha Christie suffered a nervous breakdown, and one night she abandoned her car and mysteriously disappeared. She went missing for 11 days and (B) (found / was found) in a hotel in the north of England. It is (C) (interested / interesting) to note that it was while she was suffering so much that she wrote one of her masterpieces, The Murder of Roger Ackroyal.
(A) (B) (C)
① why found interesting
② why was found interested
③ because found interested
④ because was found interested
⑤ because was found interesting
13. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
The room ①was full of excited young people who came from eight Asian countries. They ②were dressed in colorful clothes. I spoke in Korean to a young man ③who looked like a Korean. ④To my surprise, he answered in fluent English. He was from Vietnam. I wondered ⑤why did he look so much like a Korean.
14. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
If you ever ① get lost in a forest, go to a tree. It can help you ② find your way out. Trees which grow in forests show ③ where are north and south. For instance, leaves and branches ④ tend to grow more thickly on the south side of a tree. And the top of a tree bends toward the south. The color of the bark is brighter on the south side. If you know ⑤ which way is south, then you also know that north is in the opposite direction.
15. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 어색한 것은?
Today, in every modern society, people have several different ways ① to identify themselves. Sometimes people ② need to use official identification, such as a passport or a driver's license, to prove who they are, where they live, or ③ how old are they. Credit cards ④ are often used as IDs, too, because they show a person's name, signature, and credit card number. ⑤ The way we dresses, the cars we drive, and the colors we wear also show who we are and what we are.
16. 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 골라 짝지은 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?
In addition, the Japanese have almost no natural resources. They import nearly all of their oil and coal. (Though / Since) most land is too hilly for farming, Japan must also bring in about a third of (its / their) food. Despite all of these needs, Japan is a world leader in industry. How is this possible? Part of the answer is modern factories (building / built) after World War Ⅱ. These factories have helped Japan become the world's leading producer of steel, watches, cameras, and automobiles. But modern factories are only a partial explanation for Japan's success.
① Though - its - built
② Though - their - built
③ Though - its - building
④ Since - their - building
⑤ Since - its - built
조동사 : 당연히 중요한 문법사항이다. 하지만, 실제로 출제빈도는 낮은 편이었다. 조동사에 관련된 여러가지 사항 중 가장 중요한 것은 조동사 + have + p.p. 구문이다.
다음은 그 뜻과 형태를 정확히 숙지하지 않으면 안된다.
․should have + p.p. = ought to have + p.p.
: ～을 해야만 했었는데 (하지못했다) (과거의 유감이나 후회)
․must have + p.p. : ～이었음에 틀림없다
(should have + p.p. 와 반드시 구분할 것)
(과거의 확실한 단정) - 여기서 must는 의무의 의미가 아님
․may(might) have + p.p : ～이었을 지도 모른다.
(과거의 막연한 추측)
․cannot have + p.p. : ～이었을 리가 없다
(과거의 부정적 추측)
- must have + p.p.와는 반대되는 의미
․need not have + p.p. : ～할 필요가 없었는데 (했다)
※ 다음 문장의 줄친 부분에 유의하여 정확히 해석해 보자.
A : Has Minsu arrived yet?
B : No, he should have come an hour ago. When I called him two hours ago, he said he would start on hanging up the phone.
A : He can't have started at that time. If he had he would have arrived already.(가정법)
B : He might have met with a traffic accident.
A : It can't be.(현재) He is always late for an appointment. He must have idled away his time.
해석
A : 민수는 아직 도착 안했니?
B : 그래, 그는 한 시간 전에 와야 했어. 내가 그에게 두 시간 전 에 전화를 했을 때 전화를 끊자마자 출발한다고 했어
A : 그때 출발했을 리가 없어. 그랬다면 벌써 도착했을 걸.
B : 아마 교통사고를 당했을 지도 몰라.
A : 그럴 리 없어. 항상 약속시간에 늦어. 늑장을 부렸음에 틀림 없어.
수능기출 문제
(`94 수능 기출 문제) 글의 흐름으로 보아, 밑줄 친 부분을 고칠 필요가 있는지를 결정하고, 필요가 있다면 가장 잘 고쳐진 것은?
My brother became ill yesterday, I paid little attention to him and did not send him to hospital, because his illness did not seem to be serious. Now his condition is changing for the worse. I regret having paid little attention to him. In other words, I should be paid more attention to him.
① had better pay little attention
② should have paid more attention
③ had rather pay little attention
④ should like to pay little attention
⑤ 고칠 필요 없음
(`99 수능 기출 문제) 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 자연스럽지 못한 것은?
It is often believed that the function of school is ① to produce knowledgeable people. If schools only ② provide knowledge, however, they may destroy creativity, ③ producing ordinary people. We often ④ hear stories of ordinary people who, if education had focused on creativity, could have become great artists or scientists. Those victims of education ⑤ should receive training to develop creative talents while in school. It really is a pity that they did not.
[모의고사 기출 문제]
1. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아 밑줄 친 부분을 가장 잘 고친 것은?
If the mosquito likes you, she lands onto your flesh very gently, and she breaks your skin with her proboscis tip. She stabs her proboscis into your skin at once, and if she hits a blood vessel, she'll get a full dinner in about a minute, All this usually takes place so quickly and quietly that you have suspected anything.
* proboscis (곤충의) 주둥이
① you must have suspected anything
② you may not have suspected anything
③ you ought to have suspected anything
④ you need not have suspected anything
⑤ you should not have suspected anything
2. 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 골라 짝지은 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?
When I got married, I quit (A) [smoking / to smoke] and took up running. When I first started, I couldn't run more than a few hundred yards before I had to rest. But I knew it would only get easier, and the longer I avoid smoking the (B) [faster / fastest] I was able to run. Now I can run a mile in eight minutes. I'm in much better shape now than I (C) [would / used to] be .
① smoking faster used to
② to smoke fastest would
③ smoking faster would
④ to smoke faster used to
⑤ smoking fastest would
3. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 줄친 부분 중 어법상 자연스럽지 못한 것은?
At Ashcelon, in Israel, scientists have found ① a very large dog cemetery. The cemetery dates from ② the fifth century B.C., when that area was part of the Persian Empire. The number of dog graves found in the cemetery ③ reaches about one thousand. Scientists are not certain about the reason for the graves. However, they believe that dogs ④ must be very important for the people there. In fact, the dogs which died of natural causes ⑤ were buried very carefully.
4. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 자연스럽지 못한 것은?
Bob's friend ①was supposed to meet him at the game. But he did not come. Bob wondered what ②had happened to him. Perhaps his friend got sick. He ③might have trouble getting enough money for the ticket. Whatever happened, Bob thought that his friend ④need not have called him to let him know that he wasn't going. If he ⑤had known his friend wasn't going, he would have stayed home.
5. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 자연스럽지 못한 것은?
Thomas Edison, the most famous inventor, often boasted that he ①had never had any formal education. But records show that he ②attended chemistry classes at a college in New York. He also claimed that he hardly ever slept, but some photographs show that he ③used to sleep in laboratories. Edison worked primarily on useful inventions, saying that he ④wanted to make as much money as possible. However, he did not make the fortune, because he insisted that his inventions ⑤should have remained exactly as he created.
6. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아 밑줄 친 부분을 가장 잘 고친 것은?
Some time ago, an interesting discovery was made by archaeologists. An American team explore a temple which stands in an ancient city. The city at one time cannot have been prosperous, for it enjoyed a high level of civilization. Houses - often three stories high - were built of stone. The city was even equipped with a drainage system.
① must be
② must have been
③ might be
④ could have been
⑤ need have been
7. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 밑줄 친 부분을 가장 잘 고친 것은?
I began to smoke in high school. My friends smoked. My parents smoked. It seemed to be a natural thing. But forty years later we all started to hear about the effects of cigarette smoking lung cancer and heart problems. I didn't pay much attention to these reports. Then I started to cough. Doctors said that my lung got worse from smoking. I tried several times to quit, but it wasn't easy. Now I feel worried about my lung even though I've quit. I think I should quit smoking earlier.
① 고칠 필요 없음
② must quit smoking
③ should quit to smoke
④ must have quit smoking
⑤ should have quit smoking
동사의 종류 : 동사와 관련되어 수능에 정답이 된 예는 없다. 하지만, 줄친 부분은 여러번 있었다. 따라서 상당히 출제될 가능성이 있는 부분이다. 다음 중요한 동사는 꼭 알아 두도록 하자.
① 감정동사
- 감정동사라 함은 감정의 의미를 담고 있는 동사를 말한다. 예를 들면, excite, disappoint, please, interest, confuse, discourage, worry 등등 의미자체에 사람의 감정을 나타내는 동사를 말한다. 이런 동사의 형태가 자주 출제되는 데 다음을 꼭 알아두기 바란다.
사람주어 + 동사 + P.P(감정동사)형태 - 과거분사
무생물주어 + 동사 + ～ing(감정동사)형태 - 현재분사
② 자동사 lie 와 타동사 lay의 차이
lie - lay - lain (lying): 눕다 → 명사를 취할 때 반드시 전치사를 동반한다.
cf) lie - lied - lied : 거짓말하다
lay - laid - laid (laying): 눕히다, 알을 낳다, 두다
→ 전치사 없이 명사가 바로 온다.
③ 2형식 지각동사 - 보어로서 형용사나 전치사 명사가 온다.
look, sound, smell, taste, feel + (부사) + 형용사
+ 전치사 + 명사
④ 5형식 지각동사
see, watch, hear, listen to, feel + 목적어 + 동.원(～ing)
: 목적어와 동사의관계가 능동일때
see, watch, hear, listen to, feel + 목적어 + p.p(과거분사)
: 목적어와 동사의관계가 수동일때
⑤ 사역동사
have, make, let + 목적어 + 동.원
: 목적어와 동사의관계가 능동일때
have, make, let + 목적어 + p.p(과거분사)
: 목적어와 동사의관계가 수동일때 (let은 be + p.p )
⑥ help동사
3형식 : help + (to) 동.원
5형식 : help + 목적어 + (to) + 동.원
⑦ 목적보어로 to + 동.원 을 취하는 동사
ask, allow, tell, advise, forbid, get(시키다), order, expect 등등
위의 각 중요한 동사들의 형태와 특징을 반드시 알아두어야 한다.
[모의고사 기출 문제]
1. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 밑줄 친 부분 중 어법상 자연스럽지 못한 것은?
One sunny day a tailor sat ①sewing by his open window. When he ②stopped to eat his lunch, he cut ③two thick slices of bread and covered them with strawberry jam. But before he could take one bite, some flies ④flew down to taste it. He angrily picked up a piece of cloth and swung it at them. Most of the flies buzzed away ― but not all. The tailor saw that seven of the flies ⑤were laying there dead.
2. 다음 글의 줄친 부분 중 어법상 자연스럽지 못한 것은?
① Troy is a quiet city with good schools and beautiful parks. In every part of the city ② we can see squirrels around the oak trees. In spring, ③ many pretty birds return to us. Yesterday morning ④ I saw a robin in an apple tree in our yard. ⑤ The little bird looked happily and joyously in the sun.
3. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 줄친 부분 중 어법상 자연스럽지 못한 것은?
One day two men were praying in church. They both wanted a cigarette ① while they prayed. They ② decided to ask their minister for permission. The first asked, ③ but was told no. A little while later ④ he saw his friend to smoke. "Why did the minister ⑤ allow you to smoke and not me? he asked. "Because you asked if you could smoke while you prayed and I asked if I could pray while I smoked!" the friend replied.
4. 다음 글의 흐름으로 보아, 줄친 부분 중 어법상 자연스럽지 못한 것은?
Last Sunday I ① paid a visit to the zoo in Washington D.C. I visited the monkeys first. They were of various types from different parts of the world. They were all very active, though they ② have been in their cages for a long time. Then, we went to the places where the tigers and the lions ③ were kept. These animals ④ did not seem to be active like the monkeys. They ⑤ were all laying down and looking at the visitors.
The average man finds life very ① uninteresting. I think that the reason ② why he finds it uninteresting is ③ that he is always waiting for something ④ to happen to him instead of setting to work to make things ⑤ happened.
6. 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 골라 짝지은 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?
"I will find a way. If I can't, I'll make (A) [it / one] ," said Robert E. Peary, an American explorer. He wanted to be the first man to reach the North Pole. But he knew that patience was the most important thing. First, he had his leg (B) [break / broken] and had to wait. Then his toes were (C) [frozen / freeze]. Storms, ice and fog caused more waiting. Many of his men left him on the way, but finally he realized his dream to reach the North Pole in 1909.
① it break frozen
② it broken freeze
③ one broken frozen
④ one break frozen
⑤ one broken freeze
7. 각 네모 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 골라 짝지은 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?
It's a good idea (A) [to bring/bring] a small gift when you go to a dinner party. Flowers are always nice, or you might bring a bottle of wine if you know that the family drinks (B) [it/them]. You should arrive on time or five to ten minutes late. Don't get there early. If you're going to be more than fifteen minutes late, you should call and tell them. Try to relax at the dinner table. If you're (C) [confusing/confused] about choosing the correct fork, knife, or spoon, just watch the other guests, and follow them.
(A) (B) (C)
① to bring - it - confused
② to bring - them - confusing
③ to bring - it - confusing
④ bring - them - confusing
⑤ bring - it - confused