소망, 기대동사에 뒤따르는 미래 시제를 포함한 명사절 부정사 를 이용한 단문으로
⑴ I expect that I will pass the entrance examination. < 복 문 3 형식>
= I expect to pass the entrance examination. < 단 문 3 형식>
I expect that she will pass the entrance examination. < 복 문 3 형식>
= I expect her to pass the entrance examination. < 단 문 5 형식>
He hoped that he would succeed in his first business. < 복 문 3 형식>
= He hoped to succeed in his first business. < 단 문 3 형식>
⑵ I want that you will go shopping with me. < 복 문 3 형식> ( × )
I want you to go shopping with me. < 단 문 5 형식> ( ○ )
I hope that you will go shopping with me. < 복 문 3 형식> ( ○ )
I hope you to go shopping with me. < 단 문 5 형식> ( × )
『...인 것 같다』의 표현인 『It seems (= appears) that ...』의 명사절
. "that"절의 주어를 문장의 주어로 하여 부정사 를 이용한 단문으로
⑴ It seems that you like coffee very much. < 복 문 2 형식>
= You seem to like coffee very much. < 단 문 2 형식>
It seemed that your brother had a serious problem.
= Your brother seemed to have a serious problem.
⑵ It appears that she had many friends in her youth.
= She appears to have had many friends in her youth.
It didn't seem that my grandparents had been very rich.
= My grandparents didn't seem to have been very rich.
『be동사 + 형용사』형태의 타동사구의 목적어인 명사절 that-절
. be동사 + 형용사 + of 의 형태로 바꾸어 동명사 를 이용한 단문으로
[ afraid / ashamed / aware / ignorant / proud / sure .... ]
⑴ I am sure that he will participate in the competition. < 복 문 3 형식>
= I am sure of his participating in the competition. < 단 문 2 / 3 형식>
I am sure that he was satisfied with my answer.
= I am sure of his having been satisfied with my answer.
주의> be sure (= certain ) to + Ⓡ
I am sure that he will come. = I am sure of his coming .
= He is sure to come .
⑵ She was ashamed that she didn't know how to solve it.
= She was ashamed of not knowing how to solve it.
He is proud that his son won the Grand Prix at the speech contest.
= He is proud of his son('s) having won the Grand Prix at the ..... .
그 밖의 여러 형태의 명사절인 that 절을 전환하는 경우
⑴ "동격 명사절"을 전치사 of 를 이용하여 동명사 를 사용한 단문 형태로
There is no possibility that he will make the same mistake.
= There is no possibility of his making the same mistake.
⑵ 주어로 쓰인 that절을 부정사 를 사용한 단문 형태로
It is necessary that he should take care of the baby.
= It is necessary for him to take care of the baby.
⑶ 목적어로 쓰인 that절을 부정사 를 사용한 단문 형태로
I think that he is one of the best writers of the day. < 복 문 3 형식>
= I think him to be one of the best writers of the day. < 단 문 5 형식>
I thought it impossible that you would get so much salary.
= I thought it impossible for you to get so much salary.
ⓐ He worked hard so as to make much money. ( 많은 돈 벌기 위해 열심히 일했다 )
= He worked hard (so) that he might [= could] make much money.
ⓑ He worked so hard as to make much money. ( 열심히 일해서 많은 돈 벌었다 )
= He worked so hard that he made much money.
(SO) THAT ～ MAY(can, will) [ 목적 부사절 ]
. 부정사 의 부사 적 용법의 목적 에 의한 단문으로
⑴ I took a taxi (so / in order) that I might [= could] get there in time.
= I took a taxi to get there in time.
(= in order to get / so as to get )
I took a taxi for the purpose of getting there in time.
⑵ I wrote it down in order not to forget it.
I wrote it down for fear of forgetting it.
= I wrote it down (so / in order) that I might not forget it.
= I wrote it down lest I should forget it.
= I wrote it down for fear (that) I should forget it.
SO ～ THAT ... [ 결과 부사절 ]
. 중문 전환 및 부정사 의 부사 적 용법을 통한 단문 전환으로
⑴ He is a very kind man, (and) so everyone likes him. < 중 문 >
= He is such a kind man that everyone likes him. < 복 문 >
= He is so kind a man that everyone likes him. < 복 문 >
⑵ We got up very early, so we saw the sun rise. < 중 문 >
= We got up so early that we saw the sun rise. < 복 문 >
= We got up so early as to see the sun rise. < 단 문 >
복문에서의 "saw"를 "could see"라고 생각하면
= We got up early enough to see the sun rise.
⑶ 『～ enough to + Ⓡ...』&『too ～ to + Ⓡ...』에 쓰인 부사적 용법의 정도 표현]
. 정도 부사절이 없는 관계로 결과 부사절을 통한 복문으로 전환해 준다.
① She was kind enough to invite me to her birthday party.
= She was so kind that she could invite [= invited ] me to her birthday party.
The problem is easy enough for me to solve without your help.
= The problem is so easy that I can solve it without your help.
② I was too hungry to speak.
= I was so hungry that I couldn't speak .
These shoes are too small for him to wear.
= These shoes are so small that he can't wear them..
주의> not too ～ to + Ⓡ [= not so ~ that Ⓢ + can't Ⓡ ]
It is not too cold for us to go out.
= It is not so cold that we can't go out.
⑷ “결과”와 관련된 그 밖의 표현들
① He grew up to be a famous actor.
= He grew up and (he) became a famous actor.
I awoke the next morning to find myself lying under a tree.
= I awoke the next morning and (I) found myself lying under a tree.
② He tried his best only to fail in changing her mind.
= He tried his best but failed in changing her mind after all .
Now we must decide what we should do next.
= Now we must decide what to do next.
Ask her, and she will tell you which way to go.
= Ask her, and she will tell you which way you should go .
⑴ 능동과 진행의 의미를 포함하는 관계 대명사절은 현재분사 를 포함하는 단문으로
The boy who is trembling mush have seen something dreadful. < 진행 >
= The trembling boy must have seen something dreadful.
The box which contains my books must be heavier than it looks. < 능동 >
= The box containing my books must be heavier than it looks.
⑵ 수동과 완료의 의미를 포함하는 관계 대명사절은 과거분사 를 포함하는 단문으로
I received from her a couple of books which had been written by Irish writers.
= I received from her a couple of books written by Irish writers .
The fallen leaves give me some poetical ideas.
= The leaves which have fallen give me some poetical ideas.
⑶ "will / can / must" 정도의 의미를 포함하는 관계 대명사절은 부정사 를 포함하는 단문으로
He had no friend who could help him in need.
= He had no friend to help him in need .
I have much homework to do today.
= I have much homework which I must do today .
He is not the man who tells a lie.
= He is not the man to tell a lie .
주의> 『전치사 + 관계대명사 + to + Ⓡ 』 ＝ 『to + Ⓡ + 전치사』
I need a girl friend whom I will go to the party with .
= I need a girl friend with whom I will go to the party.
= I need a girl friend with whom to go to the party.
= I need a girl friend to go to the party with .
Give me a basket to carry these apples. ( × )
Give me a basket which I will carry these apples in .
= Give me a basket in which I will carry these apples.
= Give me a basket in which to carry these apples.
= Give me a basket to carry these apples in .
⑴ 분사 구문 ( / / ～ing )을 이용하여
When he saw the sight, he burst into laughter.
= Seeing the sight, he burst into laughter.
While I was walking up to the hill, I noticed so many beautiful wild flowers.
= (While) Walking up to the hill , I noticed so many beautiful wild flowers.
주의> 진행형이나 수동태인 경우는 이미 ( 분사 )형태가 존재하므로 ( be )동사를 없앤다
⑵ 부정사의 부사적 용법의 ‘감정의 원인’ 표현을 이용하여
They were surprised when they heard of his death.
= They were surprised to hear of his death.
⑶ 접속사를 같은 의미의 전치사로 바꾸어 동명사 를 이용하여
The moment she entered his room, he fell down to the floor. (= As soon as )
= On her entering his room, he fell down to the floor.
⑴ 분사 구문 ( / / ～ing )을 이용하여
As I was tired, I finished my work earlier than usual.
= Being tired , I finished my work earlier than usual.
Because he didn't know what to do, he asked me for advice.
= Not knowing what to do, he asked me for advice.
As it rained last night, the road condition is not so good.
= It having rained last night, the road condition is not so good.
주의> 주어가 주절의 주어와 다른 경우 / ○ ~ing ( 독립분사구문 )
주의> 시제가 주절의 동사보다 한 시제 앞선 경우 Having + p.p. ( 완료분사구문 )
As there was nothing to do, I was allowed to go home.
= There being nothing to do, I was allowed to go home.
⑴ 조건 명령문 형태의 중문 [ 명령문, and ~ / 명령문, or ~ ]을 복문의 형태로
Start at once, and you'll catch up with him.
= If you start at once, you'll catch up with him.
Help them, or you will be sorry.
= If you don't help [= Unless you help ] them, you will be sorry.
⑵ 분사 구문 ( / / ～ing )을 이용하여 복문을 단문으로
If weather permits, we're going to take a trip tomorrow.
= Weather permitting , we're going to take a trip tomorrow.
If we speak strictly, he is not a poet.
= Strictly speaking [= Speaking strictly ] , he is not a poet
주의> 주어와 다르지만 일반주어인 경우 / ○ ~ing ( 무인칭 독립분사구문 )
ex) Generally speaking / Frankly speaking
Judging from ~ / Considering ~
⑶ 부정사의 부사적 용법의 ‘ 조건 ’ 표현을 이용하여 복문을 단문으로
He will undoubtedly be disappointed if he hears of your failure.
= He will undoubtedly be disappointed to hear of your failure.
cf. He was disappointed to hear of your failure. <부사적 - 원인 >
(= He was disappointed when he heard of your failure. )
To see the man, you will take him for a millionaire.
= If you see the man, you will take him for a millionaire.
To see the man, you would take him for a millionaire.
= If you saw the man, you would take him for a millionaire.
To see the man, you would have taken him for a millionaire.
= If you had seen the man, you would have taken him for a millionaire.
⑴ 역접의 중문과 양보 부사절을 포함한 복문의 관계
He is young, but he is a good lawyer. < 중 문 >
= Although [= Though ] he is young, he is a good lawyer. < 복 문 >
= Young as he is, he is a good lawyer. < 복 문 >
= In spite of [= Despite ] being young, he is a good lawyer. < 단 문 >
Although we resemble each other much, we are not twins.
= However (much) we resemble each other, we are not twins.
Old man as he is, he often goes hunting for days.
= Though he is an old man , he often goes hunting for days.
⑵ 분사 구문 ( / / ～ing )을 이용하여 복문을 단문으로
Admitting what you say, I still believe I am right.
= Though I admit what you say, I still believe I am right.
⑶ 양보의 의미를 갖는 전치사 를 이용하여 단문으로
[ in spite of / despite / with all / for all ... ]
With all his wealth, he is not happy.
= Though he is rich, he is not happy.
For all his boasting, he is a coward.
= Although he boasts, he is a coward.
Despite his learning he is not respected by people.
⑷ 그 밖의 여러 가지 양보 부사절의 형태
I'll go fishing tomorrow, even if [= even though ] it rains.
There is little, if any, hope. [ 준부정 형용사 few, little + if any + 명사 ]
He rarely, if ever, drinks. [ 준부정 부사 hardly, seldom .. + if ever + 동사 ]
You must do it, whether you like it or not.
Try as you may, you'll find it impossible to finish it in a day.
[ 명령형 + as ⓢ + ⓥ ... = However (hard) ⓢ + may ⓥ ... ]
= However hard you may try , you'll find it impossible to ~ .