Which fish contain thiaminase? Which fish don’t contain thiaminase?

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■ Which fish contain thiaminase?

The following fish have been reported to contain thiaminase:

Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus)
= shad-like food fish that runs rivers to spawn
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Anchovy, Broad-striped (Anchoa hepsetus)
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Anchovy, Californian (Engraulis mordax)
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Anchovy, Goldspotted Grenadier (Coilia dussumieri)
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Barb, Olive (Puntius sarana)

Bass, White (Morone chrysops)

Bonefish (Albula vulpes)

Bowfin (Amia calva)

Bream (Abramis brama)

Buffalo, Bigmouth (Ictiobus cyprinellus)

Burbot (Lota lota)

Butterfish, American (Peprilus triacanthus)

Carp, Common (Cyprinus carpio)
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Catfish, Black Bullhead (Amieurus melas)
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Catfish, Brown Bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus)
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Catfish, Channel (Ictalurus punctatus)
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Cod, Black (species undetermined)
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Dolphinfish, Common (Coryphaena hippurus)
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Flagtail, Hawaiian (Kuhlia sandvicensis)

Goatfish, Manybar (Parupeneus multifasciatus)

Goatfish, Red Sea (Mulloidichthys auriflamma)

Goatfish, Yellowstripe (Mulloidichthys samoensis)
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Goldfish (Carassius auratus)

Herring, Atlantic (Clupea harrengus)

Jobfish, Crimson (Pristipomoides filamentosus)

Jobfish, Green (Aprion virescens)

Lamprey, Sea (Petromyzon marinus)


Loach, Weatherfish (Misgurnus)
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Mackerel, Chub (Scomber japonicus)

Menhaden, Atlantic (Brevoortia tyrannus)

Menhaden, Gulf (Brevoortia patronus)

Milkfish (Chanos chanos)

Minnow, Fathead (“Rosy Red”) (Pimephales promelas)

Moray Eel, Southern Ocellated (Gymnothorax ocellatus)

Mullet, Flathead Mugil cephalus)
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Parrot, Regal (Scarus dubius)

Queenfish, Doublespotted (Scomberoides lysan)

Sardine, Razorbelly (Harengula jaguana)

Sauger (Harengula jaguana)

Scad, Bigeye (Selar crumenophthalmus)

Sculpin, Fourhorn (Triglopsis quadricornis)

Shad, Gizzard (Dorosoma cepedianum)
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Shiner, Emerald (Notropis atherinoides)

Shiner, Spottail (Notropis hudsonius)

Smelt, Rainbow (Osmerus mordax)

Snapper, Ruby (Etelis carbunculus)

Stoneroller, Central (Campostoma anomalum)

Sucker, White (Catostomus commersonii)

Swordfish (Xiphias gladius)

Threadfin, Sixfinger (Polydactylus sexfilis)

Treval‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎‎ly, Giant (Caranx ignobilis)

Tuna, Skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis)
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Tuna, Yellowfin (Neothunnus macropterus)
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Whitefish, Lake (Coregonus clupeaformis)

Whitefish, Round (Prosopium cylindraceum)

A number of clams, mussels, shrimp and other aquatic invertebrates have also been reported to contain thiaminase, but I don’t expect you to feed those to garter snakes.




■ Which fish don’t contain thiaminase?

The following fish have been reported safe — or at least, free from thiaminase:

Amberjack, Greater (Seriola dumerilii)

Ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis)

Barracuda, Great (Sphyraena barracuda)

Bass, Largemouth (Micropterus salmoides)

Bass, Northern Rock (Ambloplites rupestris)

Bass, Northern Smallmouth (Micropterus dolomieu)

Bloater (Coregonus hoyi)

Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus)

Cisco / Lake Herring (Coregonus artedi)

Cod, Atlantic (Gadus morhua)

Crappie, Black (Pomoxis nigromaculatus)

Croaker, Atlantic (Micropogonias undulates)

Croaker, Spot (Leiostomus xanthurus)

Cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus

Dogfish, Piked (Squalus acanthias)

Eel, American (Anguilla rostrata)

Eel, Common (Anguilla anguilla)

Flounder, Winter / Lemon Sole (Pseudopleuronectes americanus)

Flounder, Yellowtail (Limanda ferruginea)

Gar, Longnose (Lepisosteus osseus)

Glasseye (Heteropriacanthus cruentatus)

Haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus)

Hairtail, Largehead (Trichiurus lepturus)

Hake (Urophycis)

Hake, Silver (Merluccius bilinearis)

Halibut, Atlantic (Hippoglossus hippoglossus)

Kawakawa (Euthynnus affinis)

Kingfish, Southern (Menticirrhus americanus)

Lizardfish, Inshore (Synodus foetens)

Mackerel, Atlantic (Scomber scombrus)

Marlin, Atlantic Blue (Makaira nigricans)

Mullet (Mugil)

Perch, European (Perca fluviatilis)

Perch, Ocean / Redfish (Sebastes marinus)

Perch, Yellow (Perca flavescens)

Pike, Northern (Esox lucius)

Plaice, American (Hippoglossoides platessoides)

Plaice, European (Pleuronectes platessa)

Pollock / Saithe (Pollachius)

Pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus)

Salmon, Atlantic (Salmo salar)

Salmon, Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

Scad, Mackerel (Decapterus pinnulatus)

Scad, Yellowtail (Atule mate)

Scup / Southern Porgy (Stenotomus chrysops)

Sea Catfish, Hardhead (Ariopsis felis)

Seabass, Black (Centropristis striata)

Searobin (Prionotus)

Seatrout, Sand (Cynoscion arenarius)

Seatrout, Silver (Cynoscion nothus)

Skate (Raja)

Smelt, Pond (Hypomesus olidus)

Soldierfish, Blotcheye (Myripristis berndti)

Sole, Common/Black (Solea solea)

Sprat, European (Sprattus sprattus)

Surgeonfish, Eyestripe (Acanthurus dussumieri)

Tautog / Blackfish (Tautoga onitis)

Tilapia (various species)

Trout, Brown (Salmo trutta)

Trout, Lake (Salvelinus namaycush)

Trout, Rainbow (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Trout, Sea (Salmo trutta)

Tusk (Brosme brosme)

Walleye (Sander vitreus)

Weakfish, Sand (Cynoscion arenarius)




Obviously you’re not going to be feeding barracuda to a garter snake: some of these are moot in a practical sense. But you get the idea.


Certainly there are several fish that are free from thiaminase that are relatively easy to acquire; in most cases you’ll be going to the supermarket instead of the bait store.

But in most cases this means fish fillet rather than whole fish, and that means you’ll have to supplement the diet. But at least frozen fish fillet doesn’t have parasites.


Even though rosy reds and goldfish have thiaminase, there are still some options left if your snake will only eat live fish. Feeder guppies and platies, though not mentioned above, are generally considered safe from a thiaminase perspective (though, like all live fish, hardly risk-free in terms of internal parasites). These are widely available in pet stores.



Is it true that ocean fish are safe and freshwater fish are not safe?

No. There are freshwater fish that have thiaminase and freshwater fish that don’t, and there are oceangoing fish that have thiaminase and oceangoing fish that don’t. You can’t generalize it that way.